continuous production of chitooligosaccharides by enzymatic hydrolysis

... cellulase during enzymatic hydrolysis of filter paper at low dosage of enzyme [108] More research is required to estimate the feasibility of using these compounds for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose ... reducing end of the chain and CBH II from the non-reducing end [96] The process of glucose release from cellulose is depicted in Figure Figure Depiction of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by respective ... fermentation (SSF); (b) continuous ultra filtration (UF) and (c) recycling of free cellulose from hydrolysis supernatant 15 Enzymatic hydrolysis at high solids content Enzymatic hydrolysis at higher...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

... The effect of different solid substrates on pectinase production was studied by using a variety of solid substrates (wheat bran, rice bran, apple pomace) The original moisture content of the apple ... pectinase production in solid medium was studied by supplementing different concentrations (9–54 ll/g dry substrate) of this multivitamin solution in wheat bran Pectinase production was enhanced by 65.8% ... low cost of its production may further broaden the scopes for its use in industries involved in treatment of fibre crops References Babu, K.R., Satyanarayana, T., 1995 a-amylase production by the...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:21

... every 30 from each flask 2.3 Determination of Degree of Hydrolysis (Conversion) and Rate of Hydrolysis The degree of hydrolysis was determined by titration of the oil phase samples with 0.1 M sodium ... Typical Hydrolysis Profile Figure shows a typical hydrolysis profile of palm oil at temperature of 45ºC for an initial palm oil concentration of 0.1 g palm oil/ml iso-octane at agitation speed of ... indicator The degree of hydrolysis, X is calculated as below: X,% = (ml NaOH used) (molarity of NaOH) (average molecular weight of fatty acid) 10 (weight of sample) (1) The rate of hydrolysis, r was...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 14:20

... contents of nitrogen and emodin in the roots and rhizomes of knotweed were also increased by the presence of melilot Melilot showed a more pronounced effect than the substrate on production of resveratrol ... nitrogen in the presence of melilot and no significant relationship in the absence of melilot Nitrogen fixation of rhizobia has a high energy cost because the fixation of gram of nitrogen requires ... the potential of “inland” sources of resveratrol in R × bohemica, we also Page of 16 wanted to determine the content of other stilbenes in this plant and to assess the contributions of its different...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 03:21

... 2-chloro-5-methyl-4-nitrophenol (2C5M4NP) was obtained by custom order from Chemical Soft R&D Inc (Kyoto, Japan) 20 mg of each of the chemicals is dissolved into L of distilled water and mg-Cl/mg-C of sodium hypochlorite was ... in Fig 1(A), productions of fenitrooxon (peak a) and 3M4NP (peak b) in the sample of chlorinated fenitrothion were confirmed by GC retention time (RT) and mass spectrum analyses of GC/MS results ... spectrum of peak b’ and that of the standard compound (data not shown), peak b’ was identified as a 3M4NP derivative The production of 3M4NP derivative would be due to contamination of a derivatizing...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 10:15

... active center downstream of Cer that mediate the activation of the plasmalogen PLA2 This hypothesis is supported by evidence on the regulation of other types of PLA2 by proteolytic cleavage phenomena ... activation by caspase-3 is consistent with the available evidence Furthermore, it has been suggested that activation of hydrolysis of Etn phospholipids by PLA2 results from the covalent modification of ... the effect of C2-Cer on Etn plasmalogen levels The concentration range of C2-Cer was chosen on the basis of previous evidence [26,27] A concentration of 50 lM was the lowest capable of decreasing...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... often cited as causes of the slowdown [14,29,30] One of the most controversial theories concerns the influence of crystallinity and the change of the degree of crystallinity during enzymatic hydrolysis ... generate swollen cellulose relates to the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis by controlling the state of cellulose solubilization Hydrolysis rates were one order of magnitude lower for microcrystalline cellulose ... of enzymatichydrolysis of insoluble cellulose – derivation of a mechanistic kinetic-model Biotechnol Bioeng 25, 2707–2733 39 Ohmine K, Ooshima H & Harano Y (1983) Kinetic-study on enzymatic- hydrolysis...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 10:20

... disaggregation Induction of il-10 mRNA expression Degradation of il-10 mRNA Transcription and translation to IL-10 intracellular protein Degradation of IL-10 extracellular protein Production of X FEBS Journal ... level of Av17 to be produced and, as we increased the concentration of Av17 in our models, the IL-10 concentration rose However, the downregulation of IL-10 production became less, and sustained production ... IL-10 production became less, and sustained production of IL-10 was achieved This raises the question of what the effect of high levels of IL-10 production is on the macrophage population in particular...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 23:20

... stereospecific hydrolysis of GD D T Yeung et al Results Analysis of GD stereoisomer hydrolysis using GC ⁄ MS The decrease in the concentration of each of the GD isomers in the presence of HuPON1 over ... determination of Km, kcat, and kcat ⁄ Km values of HuPON1 for each GD stereoisomer, resulting in unambiguous elucidation of the extent of stereoselectivity of HuPON1-mediated hydrolysis of GD 1184 ... binding and ⁄ or hydrolysis of the C±P+ stereoisomers was preferred The only previous report of a lack of stereospecificity in the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of GD was a study by Little et al...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 09:20

... granules as a result of more extensive hydrolysis (Table 1) For Hylon starches only a few granules were noted with pits from limited hydrolysis (Table 1) The mode of enzymatic attack of potato starch ... one end of the granule with more extensive hydrolysis of the internal regions of the granule, which agrees with the findings by Wang et al (1997) They observed that the internal structure of annealed ... onset temperature) during the course of hydrolysis with the exception of annealed waxy corn The increase in Tp indicates hydrolysis of the amorphous structure by both enzymes because the amorphous...

Ngày tải lên: 05/05/2014, 08:43

... effect of EGCG on induced MIP-2 mRNA production was determined by culturing astrocytes with LPS in the presence or absence of varying doses of the catechin (10-3M to 10-4M) To assess the effect of ... elements demonstrate that inhibition of MIP-2 by curcumin occurs at the level of gene transcription The importance of either of these elements in the regulation of inducible MIP-2 gene expression ... (Carpinteria, CA) Preparation and culture of astrocytes: Astrocytes were prepared from the brains of neonatal (3 to 7-day-old) CBA/ CaJ mice by a modification of the method of Pousset et al[12] Briefly,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... successful production of iSCNT sei whale embryos via the subzonal injection of donor cells followed by electrofusion Whale-porcine iSCNT embryos were produced by the subzonal injection of whale ... cells with electrofusion may be more efficient for the production of large numbers of iSCNT whale embryos Despite the relatively normal morphology of the iSCNT whale embryos, all of the cleaved ... on Day of IVC were examined, most of the embryos exhibited nuclei with metaphase-like structures (Figs 2C and D) Irrespective of the type of macromolecule added to the culture medium, all of the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 23:22

... cartilage breakdown by increasing the production of matrix metalloproteinases and by inhibiting the production of type II collagen and aggrecan [11,12] Exogenous administration of IL-1Ra exerts ... the mean ± SEM of three determinations in a representative experiment Statistical analysis The significance of differences was calculated by analysis of variance Results IL-1Ra production in articular ... mRNA production, and this effect was enhanced by IL-6 (Fig 2a) In contrast, dexamethasone inhibited the induction of sIL-1Ra mRNA by IL-1β and IL-6 In one experiment, these relative levels of sIL-1Ra...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 03:24

... inhibition show the importance of cytokines in RA [16] Induction of proinflammatory cytokines via cross-linking of FcγR by ICs may be a possible mechanism of activation of cells in the rheumatic joint ... factor-α production is partly mediated via FcγRIIa FcγRIIa and FcγRIII were blocked to investigate receptor dependency of cytokine production induced by PEG precipitates TNF-α production induced by ... reduced by 55% with blocking of FcγRIIa, but no effect of blocking FcγRIII was apparent (Figure 5) PEG precipitates from serum of healthy control individuals did not induce any or very low amounts of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 07:20

... Figure Production of IL-6, IL-8 and nitric oxide by hSFs and hACs: effects of IL-1F8 and IL-1β Shown is an analysis of the effects of IL-1F8 and IL-1β on IL-1β production of (a) IL-6 and (c) IL-8 by ... ability of recombinant human IL-1F5 concentrations from 50 ng/ml to µg/ml to inhibit the effects of µg/ml IL-1F8 on IL-6 production in hACs In these conditions, antagonism by IL-1F5 of the effects of ... production by hACs (Figure 2e), suggesting that its effects might be similar to those exhibited by IL-1β There was no synergy between IL-1β and IL-1F8 for the stimulation of IL-6 production by...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 08:22

... extraction Expression of SDF-1 was measured by real-time RTPCR Data are the mean ± standard error of the mean of three loadings The same results were obtained from three pairs of TNF-Tg mice and ... determined by realtime RT-PCR Data are the mean ± standard error of the mean of three pairs of mice receiving TNF or PBS injection *P < 0.05 versus blood or PBS-treated mice Page of 10 (page ... of one pair of TNF-injected or PBS-injected mice from three pairs of animals of these cells without affecting the cell morphology (Figure 5, arrow heads), indicating that TNF inhibits SDF-1 production...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:23

... karyotype of those allotriploids clearly indicates a doubling of the maternal chromosome set In order to extend these observations, it seemed to be of great interest to induce triploidization of diploid ... pressure, mixed and distributed into four groups of about 500 eggs Each group was fertilized by a sperm mixture from to males of the sampled by abdominal were following species : - rainbow trout ... 10 °C ± 0,5 °C B The & Thermal shock treatment used was one of those described by C HOURROUT after the beginning of incubation, a part of each transferred for twenty in a 26 &dquo;C water bath,...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 22:23

... 100 mg/kg of sensitizing antigen into the stomach by gavage (OA group; n = 25); or (4) 100 μg/kg of feG intraperitoneally, and 100 mg/kg of OA (OA+feG group; n = 25) A dose of 100 μg/ kg of feG ... ability of PKCδ to modulate the activation of NADPH oxidase activity in neutrophils feG restored PKCδ regulation of ROS production after OA-challenge, indicating a modulation of PKCδ activity by the ... marker of cell viability, the number of neutrophils were calculated To evaluate the role of PKC on the release of superoxide leukocytes (1 × 106/ml) were preincubated for at 37°C with one of several...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 08:21

... triploid bridge hypothesis of allopolyploid evolution is the production of unreduced gametes by the interspecific hybrid [2] Our results show that unreduced gamete production by Brassica interspecific ... unreduced gamete production in hybrids was estimated by sporad production at 1.32% (Table 4) Hybrid combinations varied in the frequency of total abnormal sporads, and the derived estimate of unreduced ... rounds of polyploidy found in most species [30] Hence, unreduced gamete production by interspecific hybrids among Brassica allotetraploids may be expected to mimic processes of unreduced gamete production...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:21