contact networks and the evolution of virulence

... which encodes the first two structural motifs, and hence the N-terminal domain of the protein, just as in the genes for cS and cA–F However, the second half of the gene has the structure of a b-crystallin ... mammalian evolution These changes illustrate the way in which gene families may expand, contract and adapt They may also help us understand the functions of the c-crystallin family in vision and elsewhere ... encoding the two motifs of the C-terminal domain The crygn gene is thus a hybrid of b and c crystallin gene structures, apparently an intermediate in the evolution of the c-crystallins from the b-crystallins...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 17:20

... consequence of the physical laws of our universe and the subatomic structure of the oxygen atom As we shall see in Chap 2, the existence of oxygen atoms is in turn a necessary result of the evolution of ... Thus, the higher the pH value, the lower the proton concentration and therefore the degree of dissociation of water This behavior of water depends strongly on the temperature, the higher the temperature ... the nucleus The number of protons in a nucleus gives its atomic number and its positive charge Add the number of neutrons and you have the atomic mass The nucleus of the most common isotope of...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 10:20

... in nature These are often called white, brown, and pink noise, and all are defined by the relation between the frequency and power (proportional to the square of the amplitude) of their components ... videos, and most of what is called art film—is designed to suppress awareness of the presentational aspects of the film while promoting the narrative The units of film are the act, the sequence, the ... near the film’s end was analyzed as Shot The autocorrelation of the length of a Shot with itself (Lag 0) is always 1.0; autocorrelations of the length of Shot with the lengths of Shots (Lag 1) and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 12:20

... tF > tS, and if CFn are the net cash flows of the investment of new entrants, then the expected market value of new entrants will equal the sum of discounted value of the investment and the net ... abandoned wholesale regulation (the case of the USA) and some others have shifted from light-handed regulation to heavy-handed regulation with mandatory unbundling of the local loop (the case of ... aspects of the ladder of investment theory and also refers to papers presenting empirically based analyses of the tenability of the theory Moreover, the chapter introduces the issue of intermodal...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 02:20

... tF > tS, and if CFn are the net cash flows of the investment of new entrants, then the expected market value of new entrants will equal the sum of discounted value of the investment and the net ... abandoned wholesale regulation (the case of the USA) and some others have shifted from light-handed regulation to heavy-handed regulation with mandatory unbundling of the local loop (the case of ... aspects of the ladder of investment theory and also refers to papers presenting empirically based analyses of the tenability of the theory Moreover, the chapter introduces the issue of intermodal...

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 21:20

... targets [6] In the analysis and visual representation of drug-therapy and drug-target networks, the weight of the links (such as the number of drugs binding to both of two linked targets in the drug-target ... increase the number of novel drug targets and improve the approval rate of new drugs When thinking about the possible network representations of diseases, drugs and drug targets, the elements of the ... hydrophobicity and the ability to form hydrogen bonds, reduce further the number of drug candidates that can be given orally, which is the method normally desired [7] The analysis of the drug-target...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 18:21

... taxa to the Strongylida are members of the Rhabditina, including C elegans, and both are grouped in Clade V of the Nematoda, on the basis of small subunit rRNA sequence analysis [48] The set of 742 ... we have addressed the question of whether secreted proteins of parasitic nematodes show accelerated evolution, and our results indicate that this is the case The predominance of predicted secreted ... at the 5' end of a proportion of their mRNA transcripts; a short leader sequence is added upstream of the initiation codon The leader is normally a 22-nucleotide sequence termed SL1 [51] The...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 20:20

... TFs and putative, as yet uncharacterized regulators We analyzed the history of each of the global regulators, and of a sample of each of the other types of regulators (see Figure and Materials and ... two operons, and the proximity of these regulators to their regulated genes suggests that HGT might be involved in the evolution of these regulatory relationships [14] Furthermore, these neighbor ... which the relative age of the duplication and of the regulation was unclear, and operon structure could not be used to clarify.) The other 6% to 9% of interactions arose by convergent evolution...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:20

... and Ardipithecus ramidus Given the fragmentary state of these remains, and the difficulties inherent in their comparison, there is much discussion as to the validity of their hominid status The ... operation, there is no way of determining which level of analysis is the most relevant to the study of the neural correlates of aesthetic preference Additionally, the evolutionary emergence of such ... that there is greater space filled by axons and dendrites This picture of a mosaic of primitive and derived aspects of the organization of the human orbitofrontal cortex was also the result of...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 17:20

... or the other, this was an issue of relevance only to specialists The lack of education restricted the number of producers and consumers of cultural objects and hence the size and influence of the ... version of the space of flows, the maritime world of long distance trading, is still very present 72 The Status of Objects in the Space of Flows The space of flows - now and then - consists of three ... obligation and at the end of the day, this single collective agenda overrides all others The combination of a single agenda that lies outside of the software itself and hiding of the source code...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 22:20

... indeed the ancestral host of Achryso- chroides Regarding the effect of taxa sampling on the reconstruction of reproductive strategies, although the biology of most species in other parts of the ... size and sex ratio The mapping indicates several changes in reproductive strategy with apparently parallel evolution of the unusual split sex broods (and of mixed sex broods) in the latreillii and ... trees of the order Fagales (oaks, birch, alder, etc.) and colonized plants of the order Fabales, Rosales and Sapindales once each (Fig 4) Mapping of plant growth form indicates that the ancestor of...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 16:20

... the comments and suggestions of the participants of the workshop ‘Economic Theory and the Practice of Consumption: Evolutionary and other Approaches’, organised by the University of Cassino and ... analysing the shape of the growth pattern of the quantity of cinema consumed and expenditure on cinema The time of the take-off will be estimated quantitatively (and its timing compared with the qualitative ... exact date to the emergence of the idea, or concept of cinema, but the first projection of moving images dates from the 1850s, and the first patents on the viewing and projection of motion pictures...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 17:20

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 20:20

... excluded that it was the c1 subunit but likely, as the c ring is rather stable, and the use of Triton X100 should not lead to removal of c1 only The basic biochemical properties of the complete enzyme ... present Further discussion of the coupling efficiencies has to await the determination of the rotor subunit stoichiometry In summary, we have solved a longstanding problem, the purification of the Na+ ... membrane-embedded motor This is the starting point for a detailed analysis of the stucture and function of the rotor of the Na+ F1F0-ATP synthase from A woodii, the first containing V0- and F0-like c subunits...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 09:20

... M1 and M2 in the N-domain, and motifs M3 and M4 in the C-domain In both the c-monomer and the b subunit, the four motifs and the two domains are organized symmetrically, with local intermotif and ... research groups in their investigations on the structural determinants and the evolution of the b-type and c-type crystallins [7,25,44–51] The burying of the hydrophobic patches at the interdomain ... suggested by the interdomain hydrophobic interactions observed between the C-terminal extensions of the b-C-domain and the surface of the N-domain from the partner subunit [20], and by the peculiar...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 04:21

... exchanges The regression of the sea from the Greek mainland and the Aegean landmass at the end of the Burdigalian prevented marine connections with the Paratethys in the area of the Dardanelles The ... ecosystems, the shallow marine realm and the deep sea A Wrst set of contributions dealt with the palaeogeographic evolution of the Tethys area and the eVects of changes in the extent of the Tethys ... distributions and climate evolution F Rogl (Vienna) presented a ¨ sketch of the evolution of this area from the early Tertiary to the late Miocene With the contact between the Arabian plate and the Anatolian...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 17:20

... framework of species change and demonstrate the intimacy of nature and crop evolution In the second half of the book, I focus on when and where crops were domesticated and the types of changes ... sequences on the DNA (Fig 1.14) The polymerase enzyme then synthesizes the DNA strand next to the primers The solution is then heated and cooled in numerous cycles, and the DNA is amplified over and over ... is the frequency of one allele (A) in a population and q the frequency of another (a), then p + q = when there are no other alleles The equilibrium frequencies of the genotypes are given by the...

Ngày tải lên: 03/04/2014, 12:10

... antelope, the wing of the eagle, the shape of the orchid, the diversity of species, and all the other occasions for wonder in the world of nature It is hard to believe that something as mindless and ... Darwin, ahead of Newton and Einstein and everyone else In a single stroke, the idea of evolution by natural selection unifies the realm of life, meaning, and purpose with the realm of space and time, ... complications The development of the science of geology and the discovery of fossils of manifestly extinct species gave the taxonomists further curiosities to confound them, but these curiosities...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 01:16

... of the challenges of survival, and in that and other ways the living world continually replays the general principles of evolution We find regularities, and these have led to a formal theory of ... support the modern theory So what is this phenomenon called evolution, ” and how is it that this one phenomenon can explain the diversity of life? THE PHENOMENON OF EVOLUTION The theory of evolution ... history of evolution, and in that sense the nature of a cell or organism is dependent on its history as “written” in the genome (and in the nature of the environment around it, also the product of evolution) ...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 13:05

... leave the same number of offspring as each other, and the offspring deviate from their parents in exactly the way they in the actual world So the total change would equal the simple average of the ... property of the ith entity; z is then the variance of the character, and z the change in the variance, so Price’s equation applies as usual If z is suitably defined, the evolution of higher moments of ... objection to the generality of the Dawkins–Hull framework, namely that it characterizes the evolutionary process in terms of features that are themselves the product of evolution The longevity and copying...

Ngày tải lên: 11/06/2014, 05:34