connection theory and basic techniques

... Coding Theory and Techniques This part is concerned with the theory and techniques of coding, applied to optical systems For instance, different forward error correction (FEC) codes are analyzed and ... Target Fabrizio Tamburini, Sante Andreoli, and Tommaso Occhipinti Part II 53 Coding Theory and Techniques Channel Coding for Optical Communications Sergio Benedetto and Gabriella Bosco 63 Soft Decoding ... journals and conferences of this area, where technological and experimental aspects usually play a predominant role On the other hand, this book, namely Optical Communications Theory and Techniques, ...

Ngày tải lên: 20/01/2014, 06:20

... half tones, and the ratios 5:4 and 6:5 are fairly close to intervals of four and three half-tones, respectively These four intervals are called the fifth, the fourth, and the major and minor thirds—again ... 210 210 213 Filters 8.1 Taxonomy of filters 8.1.1 Low-pass and high-pass filters 8.1.2 Band-pass and stop-band filters 8.1.3 Equalizing filters 8.2 Designing filters ... 8.4.3 Single Sideband Modulation Examples 8.5.1 Prefabricated low-, high-, and band-pass filters 8.5.2 Prefabricated time-variable band-pass filter...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 12:54

... Definitions and Concepts A sound understanding of the physics of fluid flow with mass and heat transfer, i.e., transport phenomena, as well as statics/dynamics, stress–strain theory and a mastery of basic ... traditional and modern fluid dynamics, i.e., the fundamentals of and basic applications in fluid mechanics and convection heat transfer with brief excursions into fluid-particle dynamics and solid ... readability and clarity For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/5980 Clement Kleinstreuer Modern Fluid Dynamics Basic Theory and Selected Applications in Macro- and Micro-Fluidics...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 14:53

... sources of leakage current, and each of these has a different dependence on both voltage and temperature [17] Understanding of the relation between leakage and both voltage and temperature requires ... current is due to band-to-band tunneling in the presence of high electric field and traps in the band gap If the electric field is high enough, carriers can simply tunnel across the band gap However, ... Motivating Adaptive Techniques 21 1.5 Conclusion Variability and leakage are major technology challenges for both present and future integrated circuits, and the adoption of adaptive techniques are...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... process options and emerging design technologies Basically, the assimilation of distinct high-performance, low operating power, and low standby power devices requires circuits and systems that ... minimum-sized standard-cell inverters as delay elements and a nand-2 gate for enabling control The power supply of the clock generator can be controlled externally Body biasing is enabled for N-well and ... dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and adaptive voltage scaling (AVS) DVS is Chapter Technological Boundaries of Voltage and Frequency Scaling 27 an open-loop approach, and it is based on the selection...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... and independent of VDD, temperature, and process variation If Vb is generated by dividing voltages between VDD and VSS by resistors (Vb = λ VDD), and consequently, XLCM is a function of VDD and ... ±0.1V to ±0.05V in both the active and the standby modes and raises VTH by 0.25V in the standby mode 58 Tadahiro Kuroda, Takayasu Sakurai x : average, σ: standard deviation Figure 3.5 Measured ... 1990, Vol 25, No 2, pp 584–593 [13] K.Roy, S Mukhopadhyay, and H Mahmoodi-Meimand, ”Leakage current mechanisms and leakage reduction techniques in deep-submicrometer CMOS circuits ”, Proceedings...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... OUT−NAND ,V 0.15 0.1 V V OUT−NAND ,V IN−NOR 0.2 0.05 0 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 Logic failure NAND NOR 0.05 V NAND NOR 0.1 0.15 ,V IN−NAND 0.2 OUT−NOR Figure 5.3a Butterfly plot of functional NAND and ... processing and the core is idle Both NMOS and PMOS body bias generators are implemented on the die and each includes a central bias generator (CBG) which is controlled by the DAB control, and many ... which is nonoptimal in power and performance These variations need to be handled using a combination of variation-tolerant circuit techniques, architecture innovations, and system-level dynamic response...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... analog and digital circuits and feature in several standalone or embedded power management ICs The main advantage of LDO’s is that they can be completely on-chip, occupy very little area, and offer ... voltage set, and in steady state, the ratio of the NMOS to PMOS ON-times is given by the following equation: V − VDD τN = BAT VDD τP (5.4) where τN and τP are the NMOS and PMOS ON-times and VBAT ... energy References [1] V Gutnik and A Chandrakasan, “Embedded power supply for low-power DSP,” IEEE Trans VLSI Syst., vol 5, no 4, pp 425–435, Dec 1997 [2] A Sinha and A Chandrakasan, “Dynamic power...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... essentially an FET wire; and NAND and NOR gate paths consisting of a series of 4-high NAND and 3-high NOR gates respectively Simulations were performed at two frequencies, F and F/3 where F was 4.5 ... NBTI [12], and many other effects is increasing Noise processes that effect timing are described as random or systematic, and they are measured from die to die and within die [6], [32] Random noise ... jitter, aging, and NBTI, have an uncorrelated, random component A single critical path monitor can track these random changes if sampled over time as they will have a zero mean and constant variance...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... margins We categorized these techniques as “always-correct” and “error detection and correction” techniques We presented Razor as a special case study of the latter category and showed silicon measurement ... delay-error detection and correction,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, pp 792–804, April 2006 Chapter Architectural Techniques for Adaptive Computing 205 [29] R Sproull, I Sutherland, and C Molnar, ... two-input NAND gates with a maximum fan-out of three Gate delays are assumed to be independent normal random variables with mean equal to the nominal delay of the gate dnom and standard deviation...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... handled below the microarchitecture level and abstracted away, and the benefits from creating a variability-tolerant or variability-aware microarchitecture will outweigh the increased work and ... processor’s ALU operation which typically may include options to MOVE, AND, ADD or MULTIPLY operands A MOVE is a fast operation and an AND, being a bitwise operation, is a similar speed ADDs, however, ... completion and, in any case, ‘real’ additions not use purely random operands [13] Nevertheless, a much cheaper unit can supply respectable performance by adapting its timing to the operands on each...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... however, it can provide benefits and is another tool available to the designer Figure 10.7 Pipeline collapsing and losing latch stage Figure 10.8 Pipeline expanding and reinstating latch stage 244 ... Fairbanks and I.E Sutherland, “FLEETzero: An Asynchronous Switching Experiment”, Proceedings of Async'01, IEEE Computer Society, 2001, pp 173–182 ISBN:0-7695-1034-5 Chapter 11 Dynamic and Adaptive Techniques ... SRAM cells and immediate peripheral circuitry These innovations seek to improve bitcell stability and increase the read and write margins, while reducing power Next, the power reduction techniques...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... standpoint, both analog and architectural designs require similarly sized guard-bands (Adaptive Op Point, Figure 12.18) to guarantee power stays within limits Because of issues in testing and ... Vassighi and Manoj Sachdev ISBN 978-0-387-25762-4, 2006 Leakage in Nanometer CMOS Technologies Siva G Narendra and Anantha Chandrakasan ISBN 978-0-387-25737-2, 2005 Statistical Analysis and Optimization ... the processor’s ability to adapt, and as a result the guard-bands that adaptation is trying to eliminate will remain Careful planning, along with novel test techniques like the ones described...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... processor’s ALU operation which typically may include options to MOVE, AND, ADD or MULTIPLY operands A MOVE is a fast operation and an AND, being a bitwise operation, is a similar speed ADDs, however, ... completion and, in any case, ‘real’ additions not use purely random operands [13] Nevertheless, a much cheaper unit can supply respectable performance by adapting its timing to the operands on each ... however, it can provide benefits and is another tool available to the designer Figure 10.7 Pipeline collapsing and losing latch stage Figure 10.8 Pipeline expanding and reinstating latch stage 244...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... Chapter 11 Dynamic and Adaptive Techniques in SRAM Design 265 For example, the “wake” transistors must be turned on and off as the cache exits and enters sleep If the cache enters and exits sleep ... dynamic and adaptive techniques in the area of SRAM design that seek to improve read and write margins, reduce power, and improve reliability Dynamic voltage optimization, especially column-based techniques ... bits, thus saving worst case power and improving worst case di/dt However, savings for typical, random data would be lower, as Chapter 11 Dynamic and Adaptive Techniques in SRAM Design 267 the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... power supply shorts, shorts and opens on a limited number of I/O pads and basic functionality Basic functionality testing is performed through special test modes and “backdoor” features that ... voltage, frequency, and thermal testing of the processor—this is known as “functional testing” Class testers and device handlers are very complex and expensive pieces of equipment that handle all of ... as power and thermal management 12.3 The Impact of Adaptive Techniques on Determinism and Repeatability Adaptive circuits can impact both determinism and repeatability when testing and validating...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... Limitations and Guard-Banding In traditional testing, margin (also known as guard-band) is used to ensure reliable operation when the part is operating in less than ideal conditions Guard-bands are ... standpoint, both analog and architectural designs require similarly sized guard-bands (Adaptive Op Point, Figure 12.18) to guarantee power stays within limits Because of issues in testing and ... Vassighi and Manoj Sachdev ISBN 978-0-387-25762-4, 2006 Leakage in Nanometer CMOS Technologies Siva G Narendra and Anantha Chandrakasan ISBN 978-0-387-25737-2, 2005 Statistical Analysis and Optimization...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 01:21

... the bandlimited system of Figure 1.6 can also be implemented with FFT techniques [8], although the complexity and delay will be greater than DMT Over the last 20 years or so, OFDM techniques and, ... time and coherence bandwidths Then, by using time and frequency interpolation, the impulse response and frequency response of the channel can be calculated Figure 2.7 Pilot positioning in time and ... Although OFDM has been chosen as the physical layer standard for a diversity of important systems, the theory, algorithms, and implementation techniques remain subjects of current interest This...

Ngày tải lên: 02/03/2013, 16:58

... more meaningful and interesting Commands → To infinitive clause In reporting commands and requests, the indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing commands and requests, and the Imperative ... to apply both direct and indirect speech into the articles C Conclusion By reviewing theory in a logical order and study the theory in practical application, we can understand all the definition, ... lenders will allow borrowers to mix and match products and specify the split between fix and tracker “However, you need to watch out for the fees charged and check whether a fee is payable on...

Ngày tải lên: 15/04/2013, 14:57