comparison of software life cycle models ppt

... elasticity of s ubstitution  1@3 Discount factor  0=99 Cobb-Douglas share of labour  2@3 Relative productivity of retirees  0=325 Depreciation rate of capital  0=05 Growth rate of technological ... probability ,while(1  ) denotes the probability of death of retirees. Hence, the total lifespan of agents between birth and death is made up of two distinct states, working age and retirement ... analysis of questions in which the monetary margin naturally does play a much more signicant role (like questions of optimal monetary and scal policymaking or a comparison of short-run features of...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 13:20

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 10:15

... models are pro- posed by (Bilmes and Kirchhoff, 2003). In this work, factors are used to define alternative back- off paths in case surface-form n-grams are not ob- served a sufficient number of ... limiting the problem of poor estimation of weights for rare features. Finally, we extended confidence-weighted learning with soft margins to handle the case where labels of training data are noisy. ... Technologies, Beijing, Cina. Jeff A. Bilmes and Katrin Kirchhoff. 2003. Fac- tored language models and generalized parallel back- off. In Proceedings of HLT/NAACL, Edmonton, Al- berta, Canada. Koby Crammer...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... Luhn (1958)). Then, the weight of each cluster is calculated by dividing the square of the number of significant words in the cluster by the total number of words in the cluster. Sentences ... weight of sentence i in document j, n si is the number of words in sentence i, k is the kth word in sentence i, tf jk is the frequency of word k in document j, n d is the number of documents ... definition of discourse segments because we used the discourse trees from Carlson et al. (2002)’s database of coherence- annotated texts. 3.1.2 Kinds of coherence relations We assume a set of coherence...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 06:20

... 44 4.4.5 Comparison results on eutrophication 44 4.4.6 Comparison of results on resources 45 4.4.7 Comparison of results on land use 46 4.4.8 Comparison of results on water use 46 4.4.9 Comparison of ... 41 4.4 Comparison of results per environmental theme 42 4.4.1 Introduction 42 4.4.2 Comparison of results on greenhouse effect 42 4.4.3 Comparison of results on acidification 43 4.4.4 Comparison of ... life cycle modeling of the other product groupings. 21 Environmental Impact of Products (EIPRO) ã Chapter 4 forms the rst main pillar of the study: it makes a cross-cutting analysis and comparison...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 08:21

... Software Life Cycle Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), ISO 12207 and Related Software Life- Cycle Standards: www.acm.org/tsc/lifecycle.html Crosstalk magazine articles: − Comparison of ... Life cycle Models There are many life cycle models, or paradigms. Most of them are variations of three classic software development models: the waterfall, incremental, and spiral models. These ... Testing Software Specification Review Integration Testing System Testing Maintain Software System Segment Specification Software Requirements Specification Software Design Document - Preliminary Software...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 16:20

... aspects of tree development can be modeled in terms of an elementary unit. The functional aspects of tree development are the capture of resources and the dis- tribution of growth (in terms of mass). ... part of the shoot resulting from uninterrupted extension growth. Room et al. [87] describe it as “exten- sion of the contents of a previously dormant apical bud followed by growth of neoformed ... tree models (FMSs) that are an outgrowth of developments in process-based models (PBMs) on the one hand, and morphological models on the other. Existing morphological and functional-structural models...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:22

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 07:21

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 09:20

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:21

Ngày tải lên: 08/06/2015, 13:46

... While several types of full-system power models have been proposed, often in the context of enabling a particular optimization, they have not been systematically compared over a variety of software workloads ... power consumption of the disk, we also evaluated models that used the number of I/O requests and the number of disk transfers as parameters in order to have some idea of the balance of random vs. ... high-level full-system power models for a wide range of workloads and machines, and we compare the accuracy of these models in each instance. This analysis illuminates the trade-offs between simplicity...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 18:20

... the different in vitro models of HCV that have been developed and their contribution to our current knowledge of the virus life cycle. Around 10 years after discovery of the HCV genome and after ... largely punctuated by the development of original models of research. At the end of the 1980s, the chimpanzee model led to cloning of the viral genome and the definition of infectious molecular clones. ... involvement of p7 and NS2 in HCV morphogenesis and release. This recent in vitro model reproducing the entire life cycle of HCV in Huh7 cell lines has enabled extensive research into various areas of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 05:20

... be considered a part of the newspaper lifecycle or a part of the lifecycle of heat and electricity or both. There are two principally different ways of handling this type of allocation problems. ... present average economic lifetimes of total life of 6-7 years (first life 5-6 years). According to Sverker Sjölin at Stena Technoworld, a major part of computers are recycled (personal communication ... analytical tool 13 Figure 5. A Life Cycle Assessment consists of four phases. 1.2.2 Allocation and system expansion Life Cycle Assessment is one example of an environmental systems analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20

... ? *Excel2007only #Availableatadditionalcost Asyoucanseefromthematrix,alltheproductshavesimilartoolsandfeatures.Thefour specialisedproductsalloffermorefeaturesthanExcelastheyarewrittenforthisspecific purpose.AlthoughExcelisanincrediblypowerfultool,andwillcontinuetobeusedby auditorsforyearstocomeitdoesfallshortwhenitcomestomorecomplexorspecificdata analysis.However,whencombinedwithActiveDataorTopCAATs(whicharebothaddins forExcel),Excelistransformedintoaverypowerfuldataanalysisplatform. AndwhilepriceshouldntbetheonlyfactortoconsiderwhenchoosingGAS,thecostof ActiveDataorTopCAATsislessthanẳthepriceofIDEAorACL(basedonsingleuserlicense andalreadyhavingExcelinstalled). ACLandIDEAarebothunrestrictedtotheamountofdatathattheycananalyse(limited onlybythesizeofyourharddisk).ActiveDataandTopCAATsareallsubjecttothesame restrictionsasExcel,whichinversionsuptoExcel2003is65,536rows.However,Excel2007 allowsanalysisofover1,000,000recordsandbothActiveDataandTopCAATsarefully compatiblewiththis. ACLandIDEAarealsofasterat analysingdatathanExcel,ActiveDataorTopCAATs,although noneoftheproductswereparticularlyslow. Easeofuse Otherthantheactualfeaturesavailable,themostimportantfactorwhenchoosingGASis theeaseofuse.Thisisoftencitedasbeingthebiggestbarriertoentryforauditfirms (and IAdepartments).Evenworsethanthis,Ioftenspeaktocompanieswhohavespenttensor hundredsofthousandsofdollarsonsoftwarefortheirstaff,onlytofindthatitssocomplex thatmostoftheirstaffdontactuallyuseit! WhilstACLandIDEAhavebothgoteasiertouseoverthelastfewyears,theresstillquitea steeplearningcurvewiththemboth.Bothmanufacturersrecommendmultidaytraining courses,andlessITliteratestaffoftenstruggletotakeitallin.OntheotherhandActiveData andTopCAATsarefarsimplertouse.BothruncompletelywithinExcelanenvironment thatjustabouteveryauditorisalreadyfamiliarwith. ... 6  ACLandIDEAalsosupporttheimporting of printfiles,allowingyoutoeasilydefinethe fieldsandstripouttheheaders.WhilstthiscansometimesbeachievedinExcel,itisoftena fairlymanualtaskandcanleadtopoordataintegrity.Thereareadditionalproductsthatcan beusedtoimportprintfilestoExcel,suchasImportWizard (http://www.beside.com/download.html)  However,inrealitymostmodernaccountingpackagesanddatabasescanexporttoeither .xlsor.csvsotheseadditionalimportfunctionsarerarelyused.Furthermore,it’soften easiertogetreportsinExcelformat,asthisiswhattheaccountingdepartmentattheclient usetoruntheirbusiness!  HowtoselectapackageTestdrive  WhenI’minthemarketforacar,Imayliketheappearanceandlook of aparticularvehicle. AndthenI’lllooktoseehowmanycars of thatmodelIseeontheroad.ButIfinallybasemy decisiononhowthecarfeels.AlmostanycarwillgetmefrompointAtoBandwillprovide similarfunctions.Shoppingforfraudinterrogation software issimilar.Some of thebellsand whistlesmayberequirementsforaminority of users,butthecorefunctionalityand usabilityseemstobewhatmostpeoplewantonadailybasis.Mybestsuggestionistotake atestdrive:obtaindemoversions of the software packages(trials of bothActiveDataand TopCAATscanbedownloadedfromtheirrespectivewebsites),andrunthesamereport througheachproduct.Youcandeterminewhichproductfeelsbest.Talktothecompany representatives,thehelpdesk,andotheruserstohelpformyouropinion.  Summary  WhenchoosingGeneralizedAudit Software, therearemanyissuestoconsider:dataanalysis features,ease of use,cost,importrequirements,etc.Beforerushingoutandpurchasing expensive software forthewholedepartment,startsmallandbeginusingsome of these techniquesonafew of yourengagementstoassessyourneeds.  AlltoooftenIseecompaniesinvesttens of thousands of dollarspurchasingand implementingfraudinterrogation software onlytoshelveitforacouple of monthsandhita brickwall whentheywenttouseitagainbecausetheyhadforgottenmost of whattheyhad learned.  AsActiveDataandTopCAATsintegratesowellwithExcel,theytendtobeusedonamuch moreregularbasis,andthisdecay of knowledgeovertimeismuchlessprofound.  Ihope I’vehelpedtodispelthemythsthataudit software isdifficultandexpensive,and movedyouclosertousingproactivedataanalysistechniquesonsome of your engagements. 1  Comparison of GeneralizedAudit Software Intoday’smodernandcomputerizedworldevensmallcompanieshavehugenumbers of financialtransactionsgoingthroughthebooks.Asan(external)auditor,it’syour responsibilitytoanalysethesetransactionsandultimatelytoformanopinionastowhether theaccountsshowatrueandfairview of thecompany’sposition. Butwiththishugenumber of transactions,it’simpossibletoanalyseeverythingmanually, sowhatisthealternative?Theansweriswhatisknownas“generalizedaudit software . Generalizedaudit software packagesaretoolsdesignedspecificallyforauditorsandhave twomainfunctions: 1) ... 1  Comparison of GeneralizedAudit Software Intoday’smodernandcomputerizedworldevensmallcompanieshavehugenumbers of financialtransactionsgoingthroughthebooks.Asan(external)auditor,it’syour responsibilitytoanalysethesetransactionsandultimatelytoformanopinionastowhether theaccountsshowatrueandfairview of thecompany’sposition. Butwiththishugenumber of transactions,it’simpossibletoanalyseeverythingmanually, sowhatisthealternative?Theansweriswhatisknownas“generalizedaudit software . Generalizedaudit software packagesaretoolsdesignedspecificallyforauditorsandhave twomainfunctions: 1) Tofacilitateandautomatethetesting of 100% of apopulation 2)...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 02:20

... and various levels of weight loss or gain. Abbreviations HRQOL: Health-related quality of life; PRO: Patient reported outcomes; IWQOL-Lite: Impact of Weight on Quality of Life- Lite questionnaire; ... Williams GR: Development of a brief measure to assess quality of life in obesity. Obes Res 2001, 9:102-111. 5. Kolotkin RL, Crosby RD: Manual for the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life Measure (IWQOL ... citation purposes) Measures Impact of Weight on Quality of Life- Lite (IWQOL-Lite) The IWQOL-Lite is a validated 31-item, self-report meas- ure of weight-related quality of life that provides a total score...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 17:20