comparison between the use of enzymes and microorganisms

... substrates and the products of enzymatic reactions absorb light, either in the visible or in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum Most often the change in the concentration of the substrate or the ... from the soil and from each other One of the most widely used assays involves the use of 14 C urea and determination of the 14 CO released (90–93) Such methods, however, have the disadvantage of ... active microorganisms because the microbial biomass is considered the primary source of enzymes in soils Nevertheless, there is no direct correlation between the size of the microbial biomass and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 15:20

... TEOS and APTES to study the effect of the morphology of the materials to the enzyme immobilization The surface density of the amino groups and the thickness of coating were controlled by tuning the ... bending vibration of the absorbed H2O [27] These results confirmed the presence of amino groups on the ZnO nanocrystals surface The amount of amino groups and the thickness of the coating layer ... 1630, and 433 cm-1 corresponding to water (moisture) and ZnO nanocrystal, the peaks at 2936.3 and 2872 cm -1 of the C-H stretching Page of vibration [26], and the peaks at 1330 and 1560 cm-1 of the...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 02:20

... Mn-reconstituted enzyme and an additional water oxygen, which, together with the OD2 of Asp165, the NE2 of His79 and the NE2 of His169, formed an equatorial plane (Fig 3B) The metal ion and the addi˚ tional ... exhibits almost the same activity in the presence of Mn and Fe as cofactors [24] Thermophilic bacteria, as well as thermophilic archaea, produce thermophilic enzymes Comparison of two thermophilic ... illustrates the superimposition of ApeSOD with the cambialistic SOD from P shermanii The overall structures of these enzymes were similar; the rmsd of the 747 Ca atoms was ˚ 0.695 A ApeSOD eluted from the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 22:20

... specificity and to understand the differences therein for this class of enzymes In order to identify the subsites of the ervatamins and to understand substrate or inhibitor binding ⁄ recognition at the ... backbone of residues 65–64 and is partly exposed to the solvent (Fig 2B) On the other hand, the P3 moiety of E-64 in each of the of the two ervatamin-C molecules in the asymmetric unit mainly ... ervatamin-B) at the bottom of the subsite is conserved in ervatamins Compared to a Ser in the equivalent position of papain, the role of Leu here is to restrict the size and depth of the S2 subsite The S2...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... positioned in the catalytic center [9,10] Owing to the complexity of the ribozyme reactions and the polyanionic nature of RNA, the catalytic chemistry and folding of group I ribozymes (and other large ... whereas binding of a minimum of m Mn2+ ions forms the inactive complex The sizes of the active and inactive fractions are the result of competitive metal binding to RNA The values of n and m are estimated ... most of P9.1 is neutral The 5Â strand of P9.0 is protected despite the absence of the 3Â strand For the idiosyncratic P7.1 and P7.2 domains, the helices are weakly protected, except for the 3Â...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 07:20

... single and dual binding site mutants [29] The homologous SBD of Aspergillus niger glucoamylase had Kd values of 6.4 and 28 lm for b-CD and of 0.95 and 17 lm for maltoheptaose for each of the two ... fraction of the products remains associated with the granules The trend of an even slightly larger difference between Kd and Km for AMY1 Y380A compared with wild-type supported the role of the sugar ... well as to the active site cleft and the sugar tongs [21] The three rings dened at the Trp278Trp279 site corresponded to acarbose with the reducing-end glucose cleaved off and with the same orientation,...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 07:20

... portion of aC and part of the C-lobe (Figs 2A and 3A) The interactions between the flexible loop and the rest of the protein include several hydrogen bonds between conserved residues (Fig 2A) The ... bonds, between the hydroxyl side chain of conserved Ser56 and one of the b-phosphate oxygens, between the backbone amine of conserved Lys59 to the oxygen bridging the b- and c-phosphate, and between ... interactions between Rio2 and the beginning of the flexible loop The difference in the length of the hinge region between Rio1 and Rio2 is due to an insertion of a b-hairpin in Rio1 that closes off the...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 20:20

... plants The new knowledge generated in this work will contribute to our understanding of the function and evolution of the maize SBEs, and of their roles in the biosynthesis, hydrolysis and utilization ... substrate components, and k1 and k2 are the reaction rate constants for the decay of the two different components The units for y0, S1, and S2 were % of initial starch, and the units for the rate constants ... (S2) [41,42] The two genotypes differ both in the proportions of S1 and S and the reaction rate constants for these two components The S components of Wt and sbe1a starch were 85.9% and 59.8% respectively...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 11:20

... stringency of substrate dNTP selection We analyzed the pattern of synthesis and extension of the various mispairs by the chimeric enzymes and compared them with those of the wild-type HIV-1 RT and MuLV ... H domains between these two RTs imparts some of the characteristics of the parental enzyme Exploring this possibility, we examined the kinetic parameters of the wild-type enzymes and their chimeric ... confirms the functional dependence of the polymerase domain of HIV-1 RT on the RNase H domain Neither the degree of functional interdependence of these domains for their enzymatic activities nor the...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:20

... manner The assessment of structural similarity of compounds depends on the computational representation of molecules and the similarity metric Hence, the choice of the representation and similarity ... assess their similarity Each method has its own advantages and limitations The exploration of SARs is affected by the choice of the representation and the similarity metric Other factors, such as the ... SARs The choice of molecular representation and the method of assessing similarities affects the outcome of the SAR analysis Thus, alternative methods providing distinct points of view of SARs...

Ngày tải lên: 26/11/2015, 09:53

... Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol 7, No 4, 2009 Since the predomination of GAOs instead of PAOs leads to the deterioration of EBPR, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of the ... with the same volume of 8% paraformaldehyde for 3hrs and washed with tap water The sample was suspended in the mixture of 98% ethanol and 1x PBS buffer (1:1) and stored at -20oC until use Then, the ... 2, and In all cases, acetate uptake and the release of phosphate were observed The pH range narrowed down to around and after the incubation, which originally ranged between and or The effect of...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 09:38

... tests in the solar system the precession of the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light by the Sun Over the ensuing decades theoretical analyses deepened the understanding of the theory and exhibited ... EXPLORING THE STRUCTURE OF SPACE AND TIME of space and time The application of this new theory to predict the outcome of black hole evaporation and the nature of the big bang singularity • The continued ... radiation they emit in the last stages of their formation • The use of gravitational waves to probe the universe of complex astronomical phenomena by the decoding of the details of the gravitational...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 16:20

... bluff bodies and cross-flow; it permits a better understanding of the physics and makes a more elegant presentation of the material possible Furthermore, because the understanding of the basics ... some of the concepts and methods used throughout the book, both from the fluids and the structures side of things It is more of a refresher than a textbook treatment of the subject matter, and ... STRUCTURES AND AXIAL FLOW The essence of slender-body theory is to take advantage of the linearity of the problem and to express it as the superposition of the following two problems: (i) the axisymmetric...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 16:20

... it in the light of their understanding of the mental health and reporting processes which generate that information Their (approximately accurate) understanding of the relationship between the ... here Let cj be the residual covariance cov (Yij , Ai X i ) and σVj η be the covariance between the random component of the measurement error for observer j and the random component of educational ... out the possibility of a negative covariance between the random component of the SDQ measurement error (Vij ) and the error in the education outcome (ηi ), then cj /λj σu is an upper bound on the...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 15:20

... [34,36] and N-glycosylation [39] – and describe the use of COFRADIC for studying interactions between small molecules and proteins The latter is a particular application of ‘post-translational COFRADIC’, ... out of the primary interval of nonglycosylated peptides and are thereby isolated Importantly, the shift evoked in this way can be both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, reflecting the nature of the ... 266 and 311 clearly indicates that these peptides are very large (66 and 36 amino acids long, respectively) Therefore, they could have been missed either because they are insoluble or because...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... organisation and stakeholders forms the core of the concept of Social Audit There are two versions of the theory of stakeholders, which portray the connectivity: The interrelation between the organisation ... government programmes and to use the same for lobbying and other forms of social action The users of toolkit can go through the entire framework and use the tools that suit their purpose 28 Social ... organisation, they can be the shareholders, the employees, the customers, the community, the state, the local administration, the competitors, the banks, the investors etc Thus, the connectivity between the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 23:20

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 02:20

... 7) The Vs/Vh ratio is the ratio of the reaction rates of aminolysis and hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme The curvature of the plot of Vs/Vh vs the mole fraction of D2O indicates therefore that the ... equal to the ks for 6-APA The dependence of Vs/Vh on the nucleophile concentration [N] and the results of the inhibition studies show that, despite of the high rate of hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme, ... the b-lactam nucleophile, Q the product of aminolysis (i.e the antibiotic) and A the product of hydrolysis (i.e the acid of the acyl donor) EAD, EN, and EQ are the enzymes with substrates noncovalently...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... 5-isothiocyanate and PI Fluorescence emission of fluorescin 5-isothiocyanate and PI from single cells were separated and measured using the standard optics of the FACSort The CELLQUEST software program ... activity of the WT and mutated receptors was linear over the range of cell surface expression (data not shown) The I486M showed to be eightfold and the P639S 10-fold more active than the WT-TSHr The ... corresponds to the major unliganded form of the receptor; the active conformation capable of promoting GDP/GTP exchange on the G-protein is achieved by a fraction of the unliganded receptors...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... tests in the solar system the precession of the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light by the Sun Over the ensuing decades theoretical analyses deepened the understanding of the theory and exhibited ... EXPLORING THE STRUCTURE OF SPACE AND TIME of space and time The application of this new theory to predict the outcome of black hole evaporation and the nature of the big bang singularity • The continued ... radiation they emit in the last stages of their formation • The use of gravitational waves to probe the universe of complex astronomical phenomena by the decoding of the details of the gravitational...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 10:20