common disorders of the eyeball

... join the WTO 10. The WTO is undemocratic 1 3 2. It’s really a question of what countries are willing to bargain with each other, of give and take, request and offer. Yes, one of the principles of ... appeal report. Even then, the scope of the ruling is narrow: it is simply a judgement or interpretation of whether a government has broken one of the WTO’s agreements—agreements that the infringing ... The debate will probably never end. People have different views of the pros and cons of the WTO’s “multilateral” trading system. Indeed, one of the most important reasons for having the system...

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 09:12

... forms of the MAPKs were produced as GST-lofMPK3 and GST- lofMPK6. However, when lofMPK3 and lofMPK6 proteins were tested for phosphorylation with OXI1, no phosphorylation of lofMPK3 or lofMPK6 ... front of the GUS gene. For PTI1-4, a 1.8 Kb region upstream of the PTI1-4 (At2g47060) translational start was subcloned EcoRI-XhoI. The 2.2 Kb OXI1 promoter and the genomic sequence of OXI1 with the ... pathogen attack. The Arabidopsis genome encodes 39 AGC kinases, of which 23 are classified to the AGC VIII group [8,9]. The AGC kinases were named on the basis of their homology to the mammalian...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 19:20

Ngày tải lên: 28/06/2014, 11:20

... most common in people of northern European descent. Their diagnosis is obvious when they are visible as glittering particles upon the surface of the optic disc. However, in many patients they ... fulminant papilledema. Optic Disc Drusen These are refractile deposits within the substance of the optic nerve head (Fig. 29-13). They are unrelated to drusen of the retina, which occur in age-related ... confusion. Often it is difficult to differentiate papilledema from other forms of optic disc edema by fundus examination alone. Transient visual obscurations are a classic symptom of papilledema. They...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... Chapter 029. Disorders of the Eye (Part 14) Stroke This occurs when interruption of blood supply from the posterior cerebral artery to the visual cortex is prolonged. The only finding ... viewing light reflected from the fundus with an ophthalmoscope or by examining the dilated eye using the slit lamp. The only treatment for cataract is surgical extraction of the opacified lens. Over ... our litigious society, the fraudulent pursuit of recompense has spawned an epidemic of factitious visual loss. Chronic Visual Loss Cataract This is a clouding of the lens sufficient to...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... by administration of panretinal laser photocoagulation at the appropriate point in the evolution of the disease. For further discussion of the manifestations and management of diabetic retinopathy, ... detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium and the neurosensory retina. These detachments produce acute or chronic symptoms of metamorphopsia and blurred vision when the macula is involved. They ... Chapter 029. Disorders of the Eye (Part 16) Central Serous Chorioretinopathy This primarily affects males between the ages of 20 and 50. Leakage of serous fluid from the choroid causes...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... 029. Disorders of the Eye (Part 17) Melanoma and Other Tumors Melanoma is the most common primary tumor of the eye (Fig. 29-18). It causes photopsia, an enlarging scotoma, and loss of vision. ... enophthalmos. True enophthalmos occurs commonly after trauma, from atrophy of retrobulbar fat, or fracture of the orbital floor. The position of the eyes within the orbits is measured using a Hertel ... dramatic response to a therapeutic trial of systemic glucocorticoids indirectly provides the best confirmation of the diagnosis. When the globes appear asymmetric, the clinician must first...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... limitation of motility. The width of the palpebral fissures is measured in primary gaze to quantitate the degree of ptosis. The ptosis will be underestimated if the patient compensates by lifting the ... dehiscence or stretching of the aponeurotic tendon, which connects the levator muscle to the tarsal plate of the eyelid. It occurs commonly in older patients, presumably from loss of connective tissue ... weakness), or a family history of ptosis should be sought. Fluctuating ptosis that worsens late in the day is typical of myasthenia gravis. Chapter 029. Disorders of the Eye (Part 18) Orbital...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... "lazy" eye) in the deviated eye. Chapter 029. Disorders of the Eye (Part 19) Myogenic Ptosis The causes of myogenic ptosis include myasthenia gravis (Chap. 381) and a number of rare myopathies ... gaze, and then with the head turned and tilted in each direction. In the above example, a cover test with the head turned to the right will maximize the fixation shift evoked by the cover test. ... If the eye movements are full and the ocular misalignment is equal in all directions of gaze (concomitant deviation), the diagnosis is strabismus. In this condition, which affects about 1% of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

... the subarachnoid space the oculomotor nerve is vulnerable to aneurysm, meningitis, tumor, infarction, and compression. In cerebral herniation the nerve becomes trapped between the edge of the ... thought to result from microvascular infarction of the nerve, somewhere along its course from the brainstem to the orbit. Usually the patient complains of pain. Diabetes, hypertension, and vascular ... common when the oculomotor nerve is injured by trauma or compression (tumor, aneurysm). Miswiring of sprouting fibers to the levator muscle and the rectus muscles results in elevation of the eyelid...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 15:21