climate change and australian marine life

... c, for a representative sandy soil (sand) and a representative loamy soil with structure (structured loam) and without structure (loam) and (b) alpha parameter, a(c), and sorptive number, a*(c), ... (random roughness related to tillage; soil aggregation; tillage row direction; and microtopography), and the vegetation characteristics (size and geometry of the leaves; stalks and fruits; and ... (Romano and Santini 2002) Plant growth and performance is critically dependent on adequate supplies of air and water in the root zone Convenient and popular measures of the soil’s ability to store and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 02:23

... floodplain forest volume) of the model tree (V T.tree) and of the stand (VT.stand) at the area of Astand Atree = Astand (VT.tree / VT.stand) crown ground plan, Actmax or similarly by the ground ... [47], who analyzed both aboveground and underground systems of 15 large main canopy trees in the same stand and [45, 46] who analyzed shrub and herbaceous layer Standard errors of the appropriate ... ground plan area, Vctact = Actact drt and that corresponding to the maximum crown ground plan area (= stand area), Vstand = Astand drt Ratio of all such volumes and thus also their calculation was...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:21

... controlled mainly by stand LAI, and stomatal conductance In addition, atmospheric turbulence and stand structure determines the aerodynamic transfer between the canopy and the atmosphere However, ... covers a wide range of tree species, coniferous and broadleaved, under various climate and site conditions, temperate, tropical and boreal In some stands, measurements were performed during several ... synchronism between sapflow and climatic demand When this time lag is not taken into account, this would change the relationship between calculated gc and the climatic variables changes (e.g., figure...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:22

... Terrestrial and Avian Wildlife, and Aquatic Life to Dioxins and Furans from Disposal and Use of Sludge from Bleached Kraft and Sulfite Pulp and Paper Mills Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, July ... 1989) March and June First results of “104 Mill study,” released EPA issues Assessment of Risks from Exposure of Humans, Terrestrial and Avian Wildlife, and Aquatic Life to Dioxins and Furans ... DC, pp 5-20 Gilman and EPA 1994 Memorandum of Understanding between Gilman Paper Company and the U.S Environmental Protection Agency Regarding the Land Application of Pulp and Paper Mill Materials...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 05:20

... forestland to agricultural uses and the extraction of forest products for socio–economic development (VEPA, 2002) Consequently, there has been an increase in barren land, soil erosion, landslides and ... forest, and mixed shrub and grass To quantify the relationship between environment factors (i.e., forest structure, rainfall, topography) and soil moisture, regression models will be developed and ... to improve our understanding of the effects of forests and watershed characteristics on soil water retention and flow regimes, respectively It will help us better understand the consequences of...

Ngày tải lên: 03/04/2014, 12:22

... infiltration and water storage Cover crops Mulching Tillage Minimum-tillage and zero-tillage 70 70 72 74 76 Reducing evaporation losses and optimizing the use of soil moisture 77 Windbreaks 77 Dry and ... decrease hand labour and an extensive explanation of the use of the water tube level in measuring height, staking out contour lines and defining the slope gradient Water harvesting and soil moisture ... Infiltration and runoff Rainfall and runoff Crop water requirements Calculation of C:CA ratio 13 13 14 14 17 19 22 4.1 4.2 Selecting a water harvesting technique An overview of the systems and their...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... sizes For example the sandy loam soil of Table consists of an equal mixture of sand and silt particles Table 1: Typical infiltration rates (Brouwer et al, 1986) Soil type sand sandy loam loam clay ... systems 19 a cool and cloudy climate will need less water per day than the same maize variety grown in a hot and sunny climate The major climatic factors are presented in Figure and Table Table ... withstand moisture stress There is little information available on the response of trees, in terms of yield, to moisture deficits Rangeland and fodder The water requirements for rangeland and fodder...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... rooting depth Size and layout Dimensions of the planting pits vary according to the type of soil in which they are dug Usually they are between and 15 cm deep, and between 10 and 30 cm in diameter ... keep rainfall and runoff in the mini-basin Runoff water is channelled to the lowest point and stored in an infiltration pit The structures are easily constructed by hand Figures 20 and 21 provide ... 20: Closed micro-catchment on sloping land Figure 21: Closed micro-catchment on flat land Conditions Rainfall: 52 150 mm per year and above Water harvesting and soil moisture retention Soil: Slope:...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... beds 68 Water harvesting and soil moisture retention Figure 30 shows a narrow bed and furrow and two variations of a broad-bed and furrow It is clear that the broad-bed and furrow system makes ... blade, and the cross-ties can be made by hand Ploughing and ridge making only have to be repeated once every four or five years This makes total labour input sufficiently low 7.4 Broad-bed and furrow ... broad-bed and furrow system is to increase the amount of water that infiltrates into the soil and that is stored in both bed and furrow It also makes heavy soils more workable by improving drainage and...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... soil erosion is higher on land left fallow, especially on sloping land and where rainfall is heavy It is therefore advisable to mulch land left fallow 80 Water harvesting and soil moisture retention ... Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) has been developed at the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Centre It is a way of turning an eroded sloping piece of land into a productive upland farm Different measures and ... growth rates, fewer losses due to diseases, insects, and weeds, and more efficient use of water, light and nutrients Reducing evaporation losses and optimizing the use of soil moisture 81 ? Lower...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 02:20

... comprise gravels and stones including clasts of quartzite These strata typically contain one or more red argic horizons with a silty to sandy texture in the surface horizon and a sandier layer below ... Walkley and Black method, using samples for all distances, but grouping them every 40 cm, below m depth A total of 237 determinations were made Texture (sand, silt and clay contents) and retention ... predawn and midday water potentials were measured in Q ilex trees during the summer of 2002 and 2003 by means of the Scholander pressure chamber In 2002, measurements were conducted at the CL and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 16:21

... interception, (ii) detail tree (oak and secondary species) and herbaceous water use on a daily basis and (iii) quantify soil water reserve dynamic Intra- and inter-annual changes will be commented as ... strongly reduces drainage and contributes to the formation of the water table during autumn and winter; [39]) RESULTS 3.1 Incident climate and forest interception on climate variables Gaussen’s ... area expansion and leaf fall, daily transpiration was calculated with an equation based on daily PET and on a relative LAI (LAIi/LAImax), with i standing for the day and LAImax standing for the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22

... and depth (0–20, 20–40, 40–60 and 60–80 cm); (b) Probe type and range of soil moisture (0.08– 0.14, 0.14–0.21, 0.21–0.28 and 0.28–0.35 cm3 cm–3); (c) Probe type and period (wetting, drying, and ... temperature-dependent, ranges from 74 to 84 and is about 20fold higher than that of mineral solids (between and 5), and about 80-fold higher than that of air (1.0005 at 20 ºC and 105 Pa) This large difference ... time it rains Standard temporal deviations were (±) 0.074, 0.056, 0.059 and 0.057 cm3 cm–3 for the 0–20, 20–40, 40–60 and 60–80 cm layers, respectively This is a common phenomenon and has been described...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:21

... those of F excelsior (figure 3A and D), the major differences occurring for low ψ values (ψcav at –1.0 and –1.5 MPa and ψ100 at –1.8 and –4.2 MPa for A pseudoplatanus and F excelsior respectively) ... taken randomly from the same position, and which had been submitted to the same illumination level, were used in the different species Since the diurnal changes of stomatal conductance and transpiration ... development, the different tree organs acclimate to the environmental conditions, and therefore develop structures that acclimate them to environmental changes Under wet conditions, plants optimize...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 14:21

... Techniques for measuring color and some environmental, individual tree and chemical factors influencing it in oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur) are reported here MATERIALS AND METHODS sampled at ... HUNTERLAB simulating the CIE standard illuminant A (corresponding to incandescent light) and an observation angle of 10° The color is represented by the values L*; a*, b*, C* and h* (fig 2) Wood Extractions ... Nieminen (1988) and Klumpers (1990) Janin and Mazet (1987) clearly described the use of increment cores for investigating wood color Air-dried increment cores were glued into a wooden holder and then...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 19:21

... chemistry of cyanide is both complex and diverse, and there are many different chemical forms of cyanide, including solid, gaseous, and aqueous species, and both inorganic and organic species The particular ... subsurface waters; water and wastewater treatment; in situ and ex situ soil treatment; hazardous waste site remediation; abandoned mine drainage remediation; and river and watershed restoration ... and is the joint holder of three patents related to water and soil treatment He has extensive research and consulting experience with cyanide management and treatment in soils, wastewaters, and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2(s), … FIGURE 2.1 Forms and species of cyanide in water and soil and metal–cyanate complexes, and cyanogen halides Aqueous free cyanide is the sum of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, and its deprotonated ... commercial and medicinal uses (Chapter 4) 2.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • Cyanide is present in gas, liquid, and solid forms in water and soil systems • Many different species of cyanide occur in water and ... chloride and cyanogen bromide are disinfection by-products formed in water and wastewater treatment [5,6] HCN is present in wastewater discharges and leachates from certain industrial waste sites, and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... synthetic fibers and plastics, agricultural herbicides, fumigants and insecticides, dyes and pigments, animal feed supplements, chelating agents for water treatment, and specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals ... bed in a fluohmic furnace By-product 1100 1100 1350–1650 400–510 NH3 , air, and CH4 NH3 and CH4 NH3 and C3 H8 NH3 , air, and C3 H6 Source: Data from Pesce, L.D., Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical ... process and dominated production through 1960 for both potassium and sodium cyanide For the production of sodium cyanide, the Castner process employs elemental sodium and a reaction with ammonia and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... in and with the cyano group and free cyanide speciation; the properties and reactivities of soluble metal–cyanide complexes; the properties and reactivities of metal–cyanide complex solids; and ... fast rates at high temperature and pressure, for example, temperatures in the range of 165–180◦ C and pressures of 100–150 psig [22]; see Chapters 20 and 22 Wiegand and Tremelling [23] showed that ... Water and Soil 58 formation of molecular hydrogen cyanide (HCN), oxidation of cyanide to cyanate, and adsorption onto clays and other soil components In environmental systems, wastewaters, and...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... C., and Santore, R.C., Reassessment of cyanide criteria for the protection of aquatic life and wildlife: phase I annual progress report (01-ECO-1), Water Environment Research Foundation, Alexandria, ... Newman, M.C and Jagoe, C.H., Ligands and the bioavailability of metals in aquatic environments, in Bioavailability: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Interactions, Hammelink, J.L., Landrum, P.F., ... to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review, Biological Report 85(1.23), U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1991, p 55 Eisler, R., Clark, D.R., Wiemeyer, S.N., and Henny,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20