classification of computer programming languages pdf

... proof by generating functions, another of the popular tools used by the species Homo sapiens for the proof of identities before the computer era. Next we’ll show what a computerized proof of ... Whitehead 1.1 Evolution of the province of human thought One of the major themes of the past century has been the growing replacement of hu- man thought by computer programs. Whole areas of business, scientific, ... − 1)(k − n − 1) . 3. For each of the four parts of Problem 2 above, write out the complete proof of the identity, using the full text of the standardized WZ proof together with the appropriate...

Ngày tải lên: 20/12/2013, 19:15

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 08:21

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... Programs and programming languages Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level ... of the high-level languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL,PL/1, PASCAL or BASIC, depending on the type of problem to be solved. A program written in one of these languages is often called a source ... high-level language j. deals with the running of the actual computer not with programming problems. Summarize the information on different high-level computer languages by completing the table below...

Ngày tải lên: 18/01/2014, 07:20

... (including improved versions of Java). The kernel language approach Practical programming languages scale up to programs of millions of lines of code. They provide a rich set of abstractions and syntax. ... programmer’s intuition and the programming techniques built on top of it. A wide variety of languages and programming paradigms can be modeled by a small set of closely-related kernel languages. It follows ... semantics of a program can be given in terms of an abstract machine. ã The logic-based approach presents programming as a branch of mathemat- ical logic. Logic does not speak of execution but of program...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 06:20

... Extension of Concepts Across Languages Dmitry Davidov ICNC The Hebrew University of Jerusalem dmitry@alice.nc.huji.ac.il Ari Rappoport Institute of Computer Science The Hebrew University of Jerusalem arir@cs.huji.ac.il Abstract We ... the number of words in term w. For languages like Chinese without inherent word segmentation, length(w) is the number of characters in w. While for many languages Lim mwe = 1, some languages like ... information extracted from a set of lan- guages. However, the majority of CLIR stud- ies pursue different targets. One of the main CLIR goals is the retrieval of documents based on explicit queries,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 21:20

... since Lakoff (1965). (For a more precise seman- tic characterization of stativÂs see Dowty, 1979.) Classic examples of stative verbs are know, believe, desire, and love. A number of syntactic ... second source of noise is failure of the learner to detect the cue accurately. The accuracy of our automatic cue detection detection is described in the following section. 2.5 Accuracy of Cue Detection ... distributions of true frequency in the progressive over each of the 38 most common verbs in the corpus stative verbs fall in the first population, to the left of the slight discontinuity at 1.35% of...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 05:21

... classify 65.76% of adjectives, 71.39% of nouns and 52.84% of verbs. Future work will explore the use of the contextual information of the unknown words and the contex- tual information of the lexicons ... evaluation, any one of the categories of an am- biguous word is considered correct. 5.2 Result On the test set, the baseline predicts 53.50% of adjectives, 70.84% of nouns and 47.19% of verbs correctly. ... experi- ments, CiLin lexicons are divided into 2 sets: a training set of 80% CiLin words, a development set of 10% of CiLin words, and a test set of 10% CiLin words. All words in the test set are assumed...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 03:20

... (including improved versions of Java). The kernel language approach Practical programming languages scale up to programs of millions of lines of code. They provide a rich set of abstractions and syntax. ... robust distributed programming, and constraint programming. We show how the judicious combined use of several computation models can help solve some of the problems of these areas. Languages mentioned We ... semantics of a program can be given in terms of an abstract machine. ã The logic-based approach presents programming as a branch of mathemat- ical logic. Logic does not speak of execution but of program...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... typical low-cost personal computer with 64 MB of memory can handle hundreds of thousands of digits. The skeptical reader will ask: is this huge number really the factorial of 100? How can we tell? ... write a function to calculate the number of combinations of r items taken from n. This is equal to the number of subsets of size r that can be made from a set of size n. This is written  n r  in ... things: ã We need a mathematical model of the operations of the programming lan- guage, defining what they should do. This model is called the semantics of the language. ã We need to dene what...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... collection) Figure 2.18: Lifecycle of a memory block Memory use cycle Memory consists of a sequence of words. This sequence is divided up into blocks, where a block consists of a sequence of one or more words ... execution state of the running program. Low-level languages like C or C++ often leave reclaiming to the programmer, which is a major source of program errors. There are two kinds of program error ... Second, a set of programming techniques and design principles used to write programs in the language of the computation model. We will sometimes call this a programming model. A programming model...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... the place of Y, “percolating up” from inside one of the subtrees. The idea is to pick the smallest key of T2,callitYp, and make it the root of the reorganized tree. The remaining nodes of T2 make ... Declarative Programming Techniques Declarative programming Descriptive Programmable Definitional Observational Declarative model Functional programming Logic programming Figure 3.3: A classification of ... LengthL function: ã Flatten of nil is nil. ã Flatten of X|Xr where X is a nested list, is Z where flatten of X is Y, flatten of Xr is Yr,and append Y and Yr to get Z. ã Flatten of X|Xr where X is not...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... different combinations of laziness, dataflow variables, and declarative concurrency. All of these models are practical and some of them have been used as the basis of functional programming languages. ã ... with state, e.g., for concurrent object-oriented programming. Chapter 11 shows how to do distribut- ed programming, i.e., programming a set of computers that are connected by a network. All four ... properties of the declarative model of Chapter 2. The concurrent model removes some but not all of the limitations of the declarative model, as we will see in this chapter. Scheduling The choice of which...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

... in the larger context of component-based programming. Because of message-passing concurrency we no longer have the limitations of the synchronous “lock-step” execution of Chapter 4. We first introduce ... operation of the hypothetical lift control system of a build- ing, with a fixed number of lifts, a fixed number of floors between which lifts travel, and users. Figure 5.4 gives an abstract view of what ... state) or have internal state. The science of programming with agents is sometimes known as multi-agent systems, often abbreviated as MAS. Many different proto- cols of varying complexities have been devised...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 10:22