... water, and land use impacts associated with oilandgas production nationally and in Region 8. These policies range from the implementation of mandatory emissions limits on oilandgas operations ... unconventional natural gas resources including tight gas sands, shale gas, and CBM. Unconventional oilandgas resources are loosely defined as resources that are generally deeper and / or more difficult ... important to current and future domestic oilandgas supplies; highlights the unique characteristics of Region 8, such as its geology and potential for oilandgas production; and introduces relevant...
... risk mitigation and a low carbon future THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR IRELAND OF HIGH OILANDGAS PRICES 17 Oil andGas Prices and their DeterminantsChapter 1. Oil andGas Prices and their DeterminantsThis ... 07Chapter3.Economic and SocialImpactsofthree OilandGas PriceScenarios. 09Chapter4.Ireland’sdependenceon Oiland Gas. 15Chapter5.Options and actionstoreduceexposuretoHigh OilandGas Prices. ... moderate and steady outlook for oil and gas prices. 3 For the purpose of this analysis we view oil andgas prices as a coupled entity and interchange between discussions of oil, gas and both...
... approves and supervises most oilandgas operations on American Indian lands. The BLM regulations governing onshore oiland gas operations are codified at 43 CFR Part 3160 (onshore oilandgas operations). ... Groundwater Information Center at the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, the Utah Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining, and the Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. In addition, the U.S. Geological ... operations). Onshore oilandgas orders (OOGOs) implement and supplement the regulations found at 43 CFR Part 3160 for conducting oilandgas operations on federal or Indian lands. Notices to...
... performance standard for sulfur dioxide; an air toxics standard for major sources of oiland natural gas production; and an air toxics standard for major sources of natural gas transmission and storage. ... reviews of these standards every eight years. EPA’s existing air toxics standards for oiland natural gas production, and the standards for natural gas transmission and storage were issued ... the oiland natural gas industry while allowing continued, responsible growth in U.S. oiland natural gas production. The final rules include the first federal air standards for natural gas...
... consumption, concentration of serum folate and tHcy, and genotype frequencies between the positives and the negatives of H. pylori infection and gastric atrophy were examined by a Mann-Whitney ... concentrations of serum folate and tHcy were found between the posi-tives and the negatives of H. pylori infection and gas- tric atrophy according to the genotypes of MTHFR and TS in any subgroups ... infection and gastric atrophy are shown in Table 1. Age was significantly associated with H. pylori infec-tion and gastric atrophy. There were no significant differences in sex, smoking status and...
... males and 328 females) aged 35 to 85 without a history of gastric cancer and 202 gastric cancer patients (134 males and 68 females) aged 33 to 94 with pathologically confirmed diagnosis of gastric ... loss of the infection due to sever gastric atrophy. Because, in our study, gastric atrophy and H. pylori infection were based on serological diagnosis and the diagnosis happened to be imperfect, ... influencing the abnormal proliferation and movement of gastric epithelial cells related to gastric atrophy via the activation of ERK. This study also showed that the gastric atrophy risk was highest...
... increase of 40% and 57% respectively). Dose-dependent effect was observed in both gastric and duodenal tissues. Effects of Angelica polysaccharides on cell proliferation in gastric and duodenal ... polysaccharides on VEGF, c-Myc, ODC and EGF protein expressions in gastric musoca As we had demonstrated that both the blood vessel and proliferating cell counts in gastric and duodenal tissues were ... significantly increased the number of blood vessel and PCNA-positive cell in both the gastric (Fig. 2A and 2B respectively) and duodenal tissues (Fig. 3A and 3B respectively). Dose-dependent effects...
... essential oiland shikimic acid from star anise fruits. With this method, obtaining yield of essential oiland shikimic acid respectively are 9.5% and 5.6% (essential oil content and shikimic ... Sciences and Technology 26 (2010) 110-113 113 for obtaining simultaneously essential oiland shikimic acid from star anise fruits. The yield of essential oiland shikimic acid were 9.5% and ... N0 1, N0 2 and N0 3 were shown at table 1 and table 2. Table 1. Obtaining simultaneously essential oiland shikimic acid from star anise fruits by methods N0 1, N0 2 and N0 3 Star...
... 1 2Gas- diesel and dual-fuel engines 483 Exhaust emissions and control 644 Fuels and lubes: chemistryand treatment 885Performance 1426 Engine and plant selection 1597 Pressure charging 1758 Fuel ... ENGINES ANDGAS TURBINESwhere s is the stiffness in newtons per metre of deflection and m is the mass attached in kg.The essence of control is to adjust these two parameters, q and I (ors and ... input and output gears are respectivelyPounder’sMarine Diesel Engines and Gas TurbinesEighth editionia decade later the fleet had grown to some 2000 ships of almost twomillion grt; and by...
... requiringnatural gas orpropaneasasourceofheat;therebysavingvaluable and diminishingnaturalresources.Spaceheaters and furnacesareexcellentcandidates.Stoves and othercookingunitssuchasbarbecuegrillscanalsobefueledbythewater‐hybridsystem.Suchapplicationsrequireaseparatepowersupplytoconvertyourhomes120voltACpowerintothe12voltDCpowerrequiredbythewater‐hybridsystem.YoucanpurchaseaninexpensivepowersupplyatanyelectronicsstoresuchasRadioShack,orhavesomeonefamiliarwithelectronicsbuildoneforyousincethedesignisverysimple.Thecostofhomeelectricityusedbythewater‐hybridsystemisinsignificant,probablylessthan$3permonthinmostcases.IstheWaterhybridsystemdifficulttobuild?No,thewater‐hybridsystemisrelativelyeasytoassemble and veryeasytoinstall,especiallycomparedwithotherconversionplansonthemarket.Nospecialtoolsarerequired.Theusualtool and equipmentfoundinatypicalhomeworkshopwilldothejob.AssemblingtheHyTronicmoduletoachieveitsinherenthighlevelofreliabilityrequirescare and attentiontodetails,alongwithaverageelectronicsskills.Theonlyspecialpieceoftestequipmentyoumaywanttohaveaccesstouseisanoscilloscope.ItISNOTnecessary,butmayhelpyouobtainpeakefficiencyfromtheHyTronicsmodule.But,youshouldn’thaveanyproblemgettinghelpfromalocalelectronicsguruifyoudon’thaveanoscilloscope.Mostfolksaresofascinatedbyunusualelectronicsystems and devicesthattheywouldalmostbewillingtopayyoufortheprivilegeoftweakingyourHyTronicsmodule!CanIbuyareadytoinstallWaterhybridsystem?Rightnow,thisspecificwater‐hybridsystemisnotbeingcommerciallymanufactured,buttherearevariousdistributorsaroundthecountrywhoofferDIY(Doityourself)partsorfullyassembledkitsutilizingsimilartechnologies and principles.PlanningisintheinitialstagesforproducingWater‐hybridconversionkitsformostvehicles and eventuallymanufacturingtheentiresystem,oratleastitsmajorcomponents.We’rehopingtohavesomeprototypekitstestedsoon and deliveryofready‐to‐installkitsshouldbeginsometimebeforetheendof2008.However,you’llsoonbebuildingyourown!23RunaCaronWater2. ... Besurepetroleumjellycoatsonlytheendcapthreads.17RunaCaronWaterFigure5:GeneratorElectrodeCircuitSchematic18RunaCaronWaterThesquarewavepulseratiodeterminestheamountofcurrentsenttotheGeneratorelectrodesbythecircuitoffigure5.Iftheratioislow(1:1),verylittlecurrentarrivesattheelectrodes.So,verylittlehydrogen and oxygenareproducedbytheGenerator.Iftheratioishigh(10:1),maximumcurrentreachestheelectrodes and theGeneratorproducesmaximum gas volume.Varyingvoltageinputfromapotentiometerconnectedviaa10Kresistortopin3ofcomponentLM741causesthecircuittovarythepulseratio, and thereforecontrolstheamountofgasesproduced.Thepotentiometershaftconnectstothevehiclethrottlelinkage,enablingcontrolof gas volumeindirectresponsetovoltagechangescorrelatingwithrotationofthepotentiometershaftinrelationtothrottlepositioning.Atrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins2 and 6ofcomponentLM741,enablingpreciseadjustmentofthethrottleinputsignal.Asecondtrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins4 and 7ofcomponentNE555,enablingprecisepulsewidthadjustment.TheelectrodepairsofeachGeneratorexhibitauniquefrequencyofelectricalresonanceatwhichoptimum gas volumeiscreated.ThisfrequencyoftenvariesconsiderablyamongdifferentGenerators.Severalfactorsdetermineresonancefrequencysuchas:electrodesize and shape,Generatorchambersize and shape,spacingbetweenelectrodes,coilparameters and relativepositioning, and pulseamplitude(voltagelevel).Atrimmingpotentiometerconnectedbetweenpins1 and 2ofcomponentCD4069allowstheprecisefrequencytobeobtained.Byselectingvariouscombinationsofdipswitchconnectionstoabankoffourcapacitors,pulsefrequencycanbevariedbetweenapproximately8KHz and 260KHz. ... Usingyourfinger,applyaverythin,butunbroken,coatofepoxycompletelyaroundthebottomedge(rodend)oftheouterelectrode.Formabandexte4ndingabout¼”highfromthebottomedge,coatingboththeinside and outsidesurfacesoftheelectrode.NoteBesuretoinstalltheouterelectrodefirst.NoteTheprocedureofstep41centerstheinnerelectrodewithintheouterelectrode.Donotoverlaptapeendsifmoretapeisadded;simplybuttthetapeendsbeforecontinuingtowrap.12RunaCaronWaterForafewbriefmoments,onlymoreaccuratealignment and increasedpullingactionuponthewatermoleculesoccurs.But,theHyTronicssignalpulseskeepchargingthewatercapacitortohigher and highervoltagelevels;actuallyseveralthousandvolts.Suddenlytheelectricalforcesbecomesogreatthatthewatermoleculesburstapart(scientistscallthisactiondisassociation)intotheirgaseousformsofhydrogen and oxygen.IfyouwereabletolookintotheGenerator,thisactionwouldbeobviousbecauseoftheformationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles.AslongastheHyTronicssignalisapplied,thewatercapacitorremainsfullycharged;continuouslycreatingorthohydrogen and oxygen.Anotherelectroniccircuitisformedbythegeneratorcoil.Thisisaninductivecircuit,meaningitcreatesamagneticfieldasopposedtothechargedfieldcreatedbythewatercapacitor.TheverylowfrequencyHyTronicssignal(actuallyashortpulse)activatesthemagneticfieldofthecoil.Assoonasthepulsestops,themagneticfieldcollapses.Thiscreatesanevenstrongermagneticfield,butafieldofoppositepolarity.Thatishowaninductivecircuitworks,anactioncommonlycalled“inductivekick.”Eachpulseispreciselytimedsothatalmostimmediatelyafterthemagneticfieldreverses,anothershortpulsearrives.Onceagainthecoilischarged and itsmagneticfieldcollapses.Butnowthecontinuallyreversingmagneticfieldbecomesevenstrongerduetoaddedenergyofeachnewpulse.Eventually(actuallywithinjustafewseconds)thecoilreachesitsmaximummagneticstrength,calleditssaturationpoint.Mostmoleculesareeffectedbymagneticfields.Thecoil’sreversingmagneticfieldsvibratethewatermoleculessovigorouslythattheydisassociateintogaseousformsofparahydrogen and oxygen.Disassociationobservablyoccurs,asseenbythecreationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubblesaroundthecoil.Atthispoint,we’vecoveredtheconceptsneededtounderstandthebasicfunctioningofthegenerator.EveryothercomponentoftheWater‐hybridsystemissimplyusedtopreciselycontroltheactionofthegenerator.Byvaryingthestrength and frequencyoftheHyTronicsignals,theratebywhichhydrogen and oxygenarecreatedcanbevariedtomatchenginerequirementsatanyparticularmoment.Waterissuppliedbythetank and pump,whilewaterlevelwithintheGeneratoriscontrolledbyalevelsensor and switch.Forsafetypurposes,areliefvalveprotectsagainstexcesspressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Separateportsareprovidedforattachinghosestoroute gas totheengine and toanoptionalgaugetomonitor gas pressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Adrainvalveisinstalledtoallowperiodicflushingofaccumulatedminerals and contaminants.ThebottomendcapisthreadedsothattheGeneratorcaneasilybeopenedupforinspectionorrepair and foroccasionalcleaningoftheelectrodes and coil.Twopairsofstainlesssteel(copper,oranyconductivemetal)rodends19RunaCaronWaterFigure6:GeneratorCoilCircuitSchematicTheGeneratorcoilcircuitcreatesapulsedsignalverymuchsimilartothatoftheelectrodecircuitoffigure5;but,productionofparahydrogen and oxygenbythecoilentailstotallydifferentoperatingparametersthandoesorthohydrogen and oxygenproductionbytheelectrodes.Optimumoperatingfrequencyforthecoilismuchlower,withintherangeofapproximately16Hzto25Hz.Coilfrequencydirectlycorrelatestotheoptimumoperatingfrequencyoftheelectrodecircuitsinceitsinputsignalisreceiveddirectlyfrompin3ofelectrodecircuitcomponentNE555.Theelectrodecircuitsignalisreceivedviathe“DividebyN”logiccircuitwhichproducesoneoutputsignalinresponsetoaspecificnumberofinputsignals.Forexample,iftheoptimalfrequencyoftheelectrodecircuitis19KHz and the“DividebyN”logiccircuitcreatesoneoutputpulseforevery1,000inputpulses,theoutputfrequencyofthe“DividebyN”logiccircuitwouldbe19Hz.Thatsignalisreceivedviapin2ofcomponentNE555,whichcreatestherequiredsquarewavepulses.Thosepulsesaresentviapin3tothebaseoftransistor2N3055,wheretheyareamplified and transmittedtothecoil.11RunaCaronWatertoslowitsburningrate.Atbestthisisaninexactsciencesinceitdependsupontryingtoaveragetheoctanerequirementsformillionsofengines.Technicallyspeaking,theHydrogen/OxygenGeneratoritselfisanelectronic‐basedunit.Thetwoelectrodesformabasiccapacitor,thousandsoftimeslargerthancapacitorsusedintypicalcircuits,withwateractingasitsdielectric.Theinnerelectrodeisnegativelycharged, and theouterelectrodeispositivelycharged,bythehighfrequencyHyTronicssignal.Chemically,eachwatermolecule(H20)iscomposedoftwopositivelychargedatomsofhydrogen and onenegativelychargedatomofoxygen.Sinceoppositechargesattract,thepositivelychargedhydrogenatomsarepulledtowardtheinnerelectrode.But,atthesameinstant,thenegativelychargedoxygenatomsarepulledtowardtheouterelectrode.Thisactionalignseverywatermoleculebetweentheelectrodes,withtheendsofeachmoleculebeingpulledinoppositedirections.Inanutshell,thisisthehydrolysisprocesscentraltohydrogenextraction.Figure1:Hydrogen/OxygenGenerator22RunaCaronWaterLet’sBuildthewaterhybridsystem!:GeneratorConstructionElectrodesSinceenginerequirementsdictatethevolumeofhydrogen and oxygengasesthatthegeneratormustcreate, andgas volumeisvariable,Irecommendsizingitaslargeasispracticaltoallowreservecapacity.Maximumoutsidediameterof4.5”isalreadydeterminedbytheconstructionmaterialusedfortheGeneratorhousing:4”CPVCSchedule80pipe.Irecommendaminimumheightof10”.Maximumheightdependsuponavailablespacewithintheenginecompartmentbut,forstructuralintegrity,limitheightto18”.Carefullychecktheenginecompartmentofyourvehicletoensurethatadequatespaceexistsforgeneratorinstallation.Ifadequatespacedoesnotexisteitherlimitthegeneratorheight(butnotlessthan10”),orlocatethegeneratorwithinthetrunk,orasfarforwardaspossibleunderthedash.1....
... association between nitrite and nitrosamine intake and GC, between meat and processed meat intake and GC and OC, and between preserved fi sh, vegetable and smoked food intake and GC, but is not conclusive. ... nitrite and nitrosamine intake and gastric cancer (GC), between meat and processed meat intake, GC and oesophageal cancer (OC), and between preserved fi sh, vegetable and smoked food intake and ... intake; Gastric cancerJakszyn P, González CA. Nitrosamine and related food intake and gastric and oesophageal cancer risk: A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol...
... parts: Chemistryand Properties;Processing; Oxidation and Antioxidants; Nutrition; and Biotechnology and Biochemistry.We are grateful to the readers and users of the previous editions and can ... prostaglandins and leukotrienes [14,15]. Examples of some of the possible conversions from 20:4v6 are shown inFigures 1.5 and 1.6 [15]. The prostaglandins are called eicosanoids as a class and originate ... realize that there are 1-, 2-, and 3-series prostaglandins originating from20:3v6, 20:4v6, and 20:5v3, respectively. The structures of the 1-, 2-, and 3-prostaglandins differ∆-6-Desaturase20:4ω318:4ω318:3ω3...
... consent and local clinical governance committee support. The routine use of epidural analgesia is recommended in gastric and oesophageal cancer surgery. D4Treatment and survivalSurgery and ... cancer of the oesophagus and for oesophagogastric junction cancer. Deprivation is a risk factor for development of squamous cancer of the oesophagus and for gastric cancer. Tobacco smoking ... patients with oesophageal tumours with a gastric component, and in patients with gastric tumours being considered for surgery where full thickness gastric wall involvement is suspected. CMRI...