chemistry oil and gas

... water, and land use impacts associated with oil and gas production nationally and in Region 8. These policies range from the implementation of mandatory emissions limits on oil and gas operations ... unconventional natural gas resources including tight gas sands, shale gas, and CBM. Unconventional oil and gas resources are loosely defined as resources that are generally deeper and / or more difficult ... important to current and future domestic oil and gas supplies; highlights the unique characteristics of Region 8, such as its geology and potential for oil and gas production; and introduces relevant...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 16:20

... risk mitigation and a low carbon future THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR IRELAND OF HIGH OIL AND GAS PRICES 17 Oil and Gas Prices and their Determinants Chapter 1. Oil and Gas Prices and their Determinants T his ... 07 Chapter3. Economic and SocialImpactsof  three Oil and Gas PriceScenarios. 09 Chapter4. Ireland’sdependenceon Oil and Gas.  15 Chapter5. Options and actionstoreduce  exposuretoHigh Oil and Gas Prices. ... moderate and steady outlook for oil and gas prices. 3 For the purpose of this analysis we view oil and gas prices as a coupled entity and interchange between discussions of oil, gas and both...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 06:20

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 06:21

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 07:20

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 13:20

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 15:20

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 15:46

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 16:00

Ngày tải lên: 28/05/2014, 14:19

... approves and supervises most oil and gas operations on American Indian lands. The BLM regulations governing onshore oil and gas operations are codified at 43 CFR Part 3160 (onshore oil and gas operations). ... Groundwater Information Center at the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, the Utah Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining, and the Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission. In addition, the U.S. Geological ... operations). Onshore oil and gas orders (OOGOs) implement and supplement the regulations found at 43 CFR Part 3160 for conducting oil and gas operations on federal or Indian lands. Notices to...

Ngày tải lên: 09/03/2014, 01:20

... performance standard for sulfur dioxide; an air toxics standard for major sources of oil and natural gas production; and an air toxics standard for major sources of natural gas transmission and storage. ... reviews of these standards every eight years. EPA’s existing air toxics standards for oil and natural gas production, and the standards for natural gas transmission and storage were issued ... the oil and natural gas industry while allowing continued, responsible growth in U.S. oil and natural gas production. The final rules include the first federal air standards for natural gas...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 20:20

... consumption, concentration of serum folate and tHcy, and genotype frequencies between the positives and the negatives of H. pylori infection and gastric atrophy were examined by a Mann-Whitney ... concentrations of serum folate and tHcy were found between the posi- tives and the negatives of H. pylori infection and gas- tric atrophy according to the genotypes of MTHFR and TS in any subgroups ... infection and gastric atrophy are shown in Table 1. Age was significantly associated with H. pylori infec- tion and gastric atrophy. There were no significant differences in sex, smoking status and...

Ngày tải lên: 31/10/2012, 14:34

... males and 328 females) aged 35 to 85 without a history of gastric cancer and 202 gastric cancer patients (134 males and 68 females) aged 33 to 94 with pathologically confirmed diagnosis of gastric ... loss of the infection due to sever gastric atrophy. Because, in our study, gastric atrophy and H. pylori infection were based on serological diagnosis and the diagnosis happened to be imperfect, ... influencing the abnormal proliferation and movement of gastric epithelial cells related to gastric atrophy via the activation of ERK. This study also showed that the gastric atrophy risk was highest...

Ngày tải lên: 31/10/2012, 15:37

... increase of 40% and 57% respectively). Dose-dependent effect was observed in both gastric and duodenal tissues. Effects of Angelica polysaccharides on cell proliferation in gastric and duodenal ... polysaccharides on VEGF, c-Myc, ODC and EGF protein expressions in gastric musoca As we had demonstrated that both the blood vessel and proliferating cell counts in gastric and duodenal tissues were ... significantly increased the number of blood vessel and PCNA-positive cell in both the gastric (Fig. 2A and 2B respectively) and duodenal tissues (Fig. 3A and 3B respectively). Dose- dependent effects...

Ngày tải lên: 02/11/2012, 10:19

... essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits. With this method, obtaining yield of essential oil and shikimic acid respectively are 9.5% and 5.6% (essential oil content and shikimic ... Sciences and Technology 26 (2010) 110-113 113 for obtaining simultaneously essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits. The yield of essential oil and shikimic acid were 9.5% and ... N 0 1, N 0 2 and N 0 3 were shown at table 1 and table 2. Table 1. Obtaining simultaneously essential oil and shikimic acid from star anise fruits by methods N 0 1, N 0 2 and N 0 3 Star...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 17:20

... 1 2Gas- diesel and dual-fuel engines 48 3 Exhaust emissions and control 64 4 Fuels and lubes: chemistry and treatment 88 5Performance 142 6 Engine and plant selection 159 7 Pressure charging 175 8 Fuel ... ENGINES AND GAS TURBINES where s is the stiffness in newtons per metre of deflection and m is the mass attached in kg. The essence of control is to adjust these two parameters, q and I (or s and ... input and output gears are respectively Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines Eighth edition i a decade later the fleet had grown to some 2000 ships of almost two million grt; and by...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 16:20

...  requiringnatural gas orpropaneasasourceofheat;therebysavingvaluable and diminishing naturalresources.Spaceheaters and furnacesareexcellentcandidates.Stoves and other cookingunitssuchasbarbecuegrillscanalsobefueledbythewater‐hybridsystem.Such applicationsrequireaseparatepowersupplytoconvertyourhomes120voltACpowerintothe 12voltDCpowerrequiredbythewater‐hybridsystem.Youcanpurchaseaninexpensivepower supplyatanyelectronicsstoresuchasRadioShack,or havesomeonefamiliarwithelectronics buildoneforyousincethedesignisverysimple.Thecostofhomeelectricityusedbythe water‐hybridsystemisinsignificant,probablylessthan$3permonthinmostcases.  IstheWaterhybridsystemdifficulttobuild? No,thewater‐hybridsystemisrelativelyeasytoassemble and veryeasytoinstall,especially comparedwithotherconversionplansonthemarket.Nospecialtoolsarerequired.Theusual tool and equipmentfoundinatypicalhomeworkshopwilldothejob.AssemblingtheHyTronic moduletoachieveitsinherenthighlevelofreliabilityrequirescare and attentiontodetails, alongwithaverageelectronicsskills.Theonlyspecialpieceoftestequipmentyoumaywantto haveaccesstouseisanoscilloscope.ItISNOTnecessary,butmayhelpyouobtainpeak efficiencyfromtheHyTronicsmodule.But,youshouldn’thaveanyproblemgettinghelpfroma localelectronicsguruifyoudon’thaveanoscilloscope.Mostfolksaresofascinatedbyunusual electronicsystems and devicesthattheywouldalmostbewillingtopayyoufortheprivilegeof tweakingyourHyTronicsmodule!  CanIbuyareadytoinstallWaterhybridsystem? Rightnow,thisspecificwater‐hybridsystemisnotbeingcommerciallymanufactured,butthere arevariousdistributorsaroundthecountrywhoofferDIY(Doityourself)partsorfully assembledkitsutilizingsimilartechnologies and principles. PlanningisintheinitialstagesforproducingWater‐hybridconversionkitsformost vehicles and eventuallymanufacturingtheentiresystem,oratleastitsmajorcomponents.We’re hopingtohavesomeprototypekitstestedsoon and deliveryofready‐to‐installkitsshould beginsometimebeforetheendof2008.However,you’llsoonbebuildingyourown! 23 RunaCaronWater  2. ... Besurepetroleumjellycoatsonlytheendcapthreads. 17 RunaCaronWater   Figure5:GeneratorElectrodeCircuitSchematic  18 RunaCaronWater  ThesquarewavepulseratiodeterminestheamountofcurrentsenttotheGenerator electrodesbythecircuitoffigure5.Iftheratioislow(1:1),verylittlecurrentarrivesatthe electrodes.So,verylittlehydrogen and oxygenareproducedbytheGenerator.Iftheratiois high(10:1),maximumcurrentreachestheelectrodes and theGeneratorproducesmaximum gas volume.Varyingvoltageinputfromapotentiometerconnectedviaa10Kresistortopin3of componentLM741causesthecircuittovarythepulseratio, and thereforecontrolstheamount ofgasesproduced.Thepotentiometershaftconnectsto thevehiclethrottlelinkage,enabling controlof gas volumeindirectresponsetovoltagechangescorrelatingwithrotationofthe potentiometershaftinrelationtothrottlepositioning.Atrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins 2 and 6ofcomponentLM741,enablingpreciseadjustmentofthethrottleinputsignal.A secondtrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins4 and 7ofcomponentNE555,enablingprecise pulsewidthadjustment. TheelectrodepairsofeachGeneratorexhibitauniquefrequencyofelectricalresonanceat whichoptimum gas volumeiscreated.Thisfrequencyoftenvariesconsiderablyamong differentGenerators.Severalfactorsdetermineresonancefrequencysuchas:electrodesize and shape,Generatorchambersize and shape,spacingbetweenelectrodes,coilparameters and relativepositioning, and pulseamplitude(voltagelevel).Atrimmingpotentiometer connectedbetweenpins1 and 2ofcomponentCD4069allowstheprecisefrequencytobe obtained.Byselectingvariouscombinationsofdipswitchconnectionstoabankoffour capacitors,pulsefrequencycanbevariedbetweenapproximately8KHz and 260KHz. ... Usingyourfinger,applyaverythin,butunbroken,coatofepoxycompletelyaroundthe bottomedge(rodend)oftheouterelectrode.Formabandexte4ndingabout¼”highfrom thebottomedge,coatingboththeinside and outsidesurfacesoftheelectrode. Note Besuretoinstalltheouterelectrodefirst. Note Theprocedureofstep41centerstheinnerelectrodewithintheouterelectrode.Donot overlaptapeendsifmoretapeisadded;simplybuttthetapeendsbeforecontinuingto wrap. 12 RunaCaronWater   Forafewbriefmoments,onlymoreaccuratealignment and increasedpullingactionuponthe watermoleculesoccurs.But,theHyTronicssignalpulseskeepchargingthewatercapacitorto higher and highervoltagelevels;actuallyseveralthousandvolts.Suddenlytheelectricalforces becomesogreatthatthewatermoleculesburstapart(scientistscallthisactiondisassociation) intotheirgaseousformsofhydrogen and oxygen.IfyouwereabletolookintotheGenerator, thisactionwouldbeobviousbecauseoftheformationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles.AslongastheHyTronicssignalisapplied,thewatercapacitorremainsfully charged;continuouslycreatingorthohydrogen and oxygen. Anotherelectroniccircuitisformedbythegeneratorcoil.Thisisaninductivecircuit,meaningit createsamagneticfieldasopposedtothechargedfieldcreatedbythewatercapacitor.The verylowfrequencyHyTronicssignal(actuallyashortpulse)activatesthemagneticfieldofthe coil.Assoonasthepulsestops,themagneticfieldcollapses.Thiscreatesanevenstronger magneticfield,butafieldofoppositepolarity.Thatishowaninductivecircuitworks,anaction commonlycalled“inductivekick.”Eachpulseispreciselytimedsothatalmostimmediately afterthemagneticfieldreverses,anothershortpulsearrives.Onceagainthecoilischarged and itsmagneticfieldcollapses.Butnowthecontinuallyreversingmagneticfieldbecomeseven strongerduetoaddedenergyofeachnewpulse.Eventually(actuallywithinjustafewseconds) thecoilreachesitsmaximummagneticstrength,calleditssaturationpoint. Mostmoleculesareeffectedbymagneticfields.Thecoil’sreversingmagneticfieldsvibratethe watermoleculessovigorouslythattheydisassociateintogaseousformsofparahydrogen and oxygen.Disassociationobservablyoccurs,asseenbythecreationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubblesaroundthecoil. Atthispoint,we’vecoveredtheconceptsneededtounderstandthebasicfunctioningofthe generator.EveryothercomponentoftheWater‐hybridsystemissimplyusedtoprecisely controltheactionofthegenerator.Byvaryingthestrength and frequencyoftheHyTronic signals,the ratebywhichhydrogen and oxygenarecreatedcanbevariedtomatchengine requirementsatanyparticularmoment.Waterissuppliedbythetank and pump,whilewater levelwithintheGeneratoriscontrolledbyalevelsensor and switch.Forsafetypurposes,a reliefvalveprotectsagainstexcesspressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Separateportsare providedforattachinghosestoroute gas totheengine and toanoptionalgaugetomonitor gas pressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Adrainvalveisinstalledtoallowperiodicflushingof accumulatedminerals and contaminants.Thebottomendcapisthreaded sothatthe Generatorcaneasilybeopenedupforinspectionorrepair and foroccasionalcleaningofthe electrodes and coil.Twopairsofstainlesssteel(copper,oranyconductivemetal)rodends 19 RunaCaronWater   Figure6:GeneratorCoilCircuitSchematic TheGeneratorcoilcircuitcreatesapulsedsignalverymuchsimilartothatoftheelectrode circuitoffigure5;but,productionofparahydrogen and oxygenbythecoilentailstotally differentoperatingparametersthandoesorthohydrogen and oxygenproductionbythe electrodes.Optimumoperatingfrequencyforthecoilismuch lower,withintherangeof approximately16Hzto25Hz.Coilfrequencydirectlycorrelatestotheoptimumoperating frequencyoftheelectrodecircuitsinceitsinputsignalisreceiveddirectlyfrompin3of electrodecircuitcomponentNE555.Theelectrodecircuitsignalisreceivedviathe“Divideby N”logiccircuitwhichproducesoneoutputsignalinresponsetoaspecificnumberofinput signals.Forexample,iftheoptimalfrequencyoftheelectrodecircuitis19KHz and the“Divide byN”logiccircuitcreatesoneoutputpulseforevery1,000inputpulses,theoutputfrequency ofthe“Divide byN”logiccircuitwouldbe19Hz.Thatsignalisreceivedviapin2ofcomponent NE555,whichcreatestherequiredsquarewavepulses.Thosepulsesaresentviapin3tothe baseoftransistor2N3055,wheretheyareamplified and transmittedtothecoil. 11 RunaCaronWater  toslowitsburningrate.Atbestthisisaninexactsciencesinceitdependsupontryingto averagetheoctanerequirementsformillionsofengines. Technicallyspeaking,theHydrogen/OxygenGeneratoritselfisanelectronic‐basedunit.The twoelectrodesformabasiccapacitor,thousandsoftimeslargerthancapacitors usedintypical circuits,withwateractingasitsdielectric.Theinnerelectrodeisnegativelycharged, and the outerelectrodeispositivelycharged,bythehighfrequencyHyTronicssignal.Chemically,each watermolecule(H20)iscomposedoftwopositivelychargedatomsofhydrogen and one negativelychargedatomofoxygen.Since oppositechargesattract,thepositivelycharged hydrogenatomsarepulledtowardtheinnerelectrode.But,atthesameinstant,thenegatively chargedoxygenatomsarepulledtowardtheouterelectrode.Thisactionalignseverywater moleculebetweentheelectrodes,withtheendsofeachmoleculebeingpulledinopposite directions.Inanutshell,thisisthehydrolysisprocesscentraltohydrogenextraction.  Figure1:Hydrogen/OxygenGenerator 22 RunaCaronWater  Let’sBuildthewaterhybridsystem!:GeneratorConstruction Electrodes Sinceenginerequirementsdictatethevolumeofhydrogen and oxygengasesthatthegenerator mustcreate, and gas volumeisvariable,Irecommendsizingitaslargeasispracticaltoallow reservecapacity.Maximumoutsidediameterof4.5”isalreadydeterminedbytheconstruction materialusedfortheGeneratorhousing: 4”CPVCSchedule80pipe.Irecommendaminimum heightof10”.Maximumheightdependsuponavailablespacewithintheenginecompartment but,forstructuralintegrity,limitheightto18”.Carefullychecktheenginecompartmentofyour vehicletoensurethatadequatespaceexistsforgeneratorinstallation.Ifadequatespacedoes notexisteitherlimitthegeneratorheight(butnotlessthan10”),orlocatethegeneratorwithin thetrunk,orasfarforwardaspossibleunderthedash.  1....

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 04:20