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... by chance This suggests that at least 191 ANC sequences have undergone sequence divergence consistent with positive selection If we exclude potentially deposited research Throughout this analysis ... described in the duplication-degeneration-complementation model [13], or elements that have decayed in function in a similar way to pseudogenes We found an enrichment of the ANC sequences within ... provides our strongest evidence that ANC sequences contain functionally evolving sequence that is associated with changes in gene expression There is a tendency for the derived alleles within...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:21

... the underlying degradation model is properly defined Two types of degradation models, namely deterministic models and stochastic models, have appeared in the published literature 1.2.3.1 Deterministic ... Eyring Model and the Generalized Eyring Model 14 1.2.3 Modeling of Degradation Processes 16 1.2.3.1 Deterministic Degradation Models 16 1.2.3.2 Stochastic Degradation Models ... Deterministic Degradation Models Degradation process can be modeled using a function of time and possibly multidimensional random variables This kind of models is called deterministic model (Meeker...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 17:13

... extant orders have been identified in lower Devonian and upper Silurian strata [33,34] Thus these taxa must have diverged more than 410–420 million years ago, although this date may be underestimated ... excludes the myriapod hemocyanins Within the clade of myriapod hemocyanins, there is strong support that Scutigera HcA is associated with the Spirostreptus hemocyanin This branch joins a clade ... represent four distinct subunit types, as deduced from the pattern of identical peptide masses The subunits were named HcA to Protein structure modeling Homology models of the S coleoptrata hemocyanin...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 11:20

... used in decoding In order to investigate this, we did an analysis of the phrases used to decode the same test set The bottom row of Figure shows the percentage of phrases used to decode the Chinese ... Starting with the IBM models (Brown et al., 1993), researchers have developed various statistical word alignment systems based on different models, such as hidden Markov models (HMM) (Vogel et al., ... used to decode the given test set for different alignments Table presents the average number of English and FL words in the phrases used in decoding Chinese MTEval’2003 test set The decoder uses...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 11:21

... that included 23 nucleotides from the luciferase 5¢-UTR Synthesis of the mouse R2-specific polyamide The R2 TATA-specific Py-Im polyamide (Fig 1A) was synthesized by solid-phase methods as described ... obtained using the de ned in vitro transcription system reconstituted from pure general transcription factors, also this crude system showed that the mouse R2 promoter is highly dependent on its TATA-box ... TATA-box -de cient promoters Genes Dev 10, 711–724 15 Thelander, M & Thelander, L (1989) Molecular cloning and expression of the functional gene encoding the M2 subunit of mouse ribonucleotide reductase:...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:20

... in this process, however, is still poorly understood [9,11] Besides delignification, fungal laccases have been associated with various organismal interactions (intra- and interspecific) and developmental ... also developed another high affinity mechanism to accumulate iron, namely the siderophore-dependent pathway [74] The presence of homologues of the sid1 or sidA genes (Table 2), encoding a l-ornithine-N5-monooxygenase ... of multicopper oxidases P.J Hoegger et al laccase activities and are thus not typical laccases [10,40] This grade also included sequences from filamentous ascomycetes (Fig 1) Plant and fungal ascorbate...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 11:20

... (1994) Error-tolerant identification of peptides in sequence databases by peptide sequence tags Anal Chem 66, 4390–4399 Egas C, Lavoura N, Resende R, Brito RM, Pires E, de Lima MC & Faro C (2000) ... female reproductive organs (Fig 2A) The specificity of the signal detected for cardosin A was confirmed by blocking the immunodetection of this protein after preincubation of the antibody against recombinant ... 0.2 mm Ca2+ with and without mm EGTA, respectively, gave identical results and therefore suggest that this interaction is calcium independent Interaction between cardosin A and PLDa is mediated...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 11:20

... focussing on epidemiological, clinical nucleotide sequence and mutational aspects of HBV infection [13] The Hepatitis Virus Database includes HBV and provides information on genome location and ... complexity of the HBV genome has challenged development of this resource but it will provide a model for other viruses Methods Sequences for analysis For more detail refer to the documentation in the ... expression, RNA descriptor or matrix A description of this procedure is provided on the website Similarity searches against other viral genomes Blastn and tblastx were used to detect distant sequence...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 01:20

... MDV (vRB-1B5) reconstituted from this clone has enabled the use of this clone in various studies to examine the oncogenic determinants using natural in vivo models of MD [5,12-15] Although vRB-1B5 ... the parent wtRB-1B virus This would certainly increase its usefulness as a valuable tool for studies on genome manipulation to identify the oncogenic determinants of this major avian pathogen ... provided by Thomas Shenk, Princeton, USA) as EcoRI-XhoI fragment was blunt-ended and inserted into PmeI site of the above http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/19 plasmid Finally a blunt ended...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 01:20

... (13) According to (8), pdep (dW , eW ) is described by pdep dW , eW = cos dW + eW − sde,min π sde,max − sde,min (14) in the range sde,min < |dW | + |eW | < sde,max and by pdep dW , eW = (15) in ... between bW and cW does not exist In order to take their dependence into consideration, (6) is extended by an additional term pdep (bW , cW ): p bW , cW = p bW p cW pdep bW , cW (7) According to Figure ... only little Taking this into account, it is assumed that pfchin (fchin ) is only dependent on the coordinates aV , bW , and cW Assuming a further independence between aV on one side and bW and cW...

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 01:20

... be understood more precisely For example, shortterm hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and immune complex generation of an SLE flare as much or more damage to the endothelium as does lower-grade inflammation ... understanding of patient social and cultural factors will be essential to achieving acceptance of lifestyle changes and medications Progress will only be made as basic science brings an understanding ... health care, perhaps because more urgent problems must be dealt with first, or perhaps because of patients’ and physicians’ exhaustion in dealing with chronic health problems Patients can find it...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:22

... upon None declared Acknowledgements JHP was supported by a UCLA Claude Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, NIA #P60 AG10415, a gift from the Charles B See Foundation, and a Career Development ... toward the anode and more slowly (Table 1) (3) ~200+ kDa (denoted by large brackets facing downward): This was detected in all OA samples tested, typically as a large and poorly defined cluster ... species could be detected, and this correlated with an absence of staining of this species in the 1D lane Additional ~170-kDa material that migrated much closer to the anode (pI ~4.3) was detected in...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:23

... Minikit) as described before by us [8,9] All requisite ethical clearances were obtained before initiating this study All the polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were performed with high fidelity Taq ... progression in human immunodeficiency virus infection in India Virology 2000, 271:253-258 Pastore C, Nedelle R, Ramos A, Pontow S, Ratner L, Mosier DE: Human immunodeficiency virus type coreceptor ... Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM; 1998:III-118-129 Derdeyn CA, Decker JM, Bibollet-Ruche F, Mokili JL, Muldoon M, Denham SA, Heil ML, Kasolo F, Musonda R, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Korber...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... Classification and designation of the lineages and sublineages within type A influenza virus are essential for the studies of the viral evolution, ecology and epidemiology [1-47] In this report, decades of ... collected for detection The second is detection bias, i.e not all type A influenza viruses detected in laboratories have equal opportunities to be detected correctly and thoroughly The third is reporting ... further divided into some clades to describe the diversity in more details The nomenclature reported herein covers nearly all known type A influenza viruses, and it is easy to be expanded to meet...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:20

... Classification and designation of the lineages and sublineages within type A influenza virus are essential for the studies of the viral evolution, ecology and epidemiology [1-47] In this report, decades of ... collected for detection The second is detection bias, i.e not all type A influenza viruses detected in laboratories have equal opportunities to be detected correctly and thoroughly The third is reporting ... further divided into some clades to describe the diversity in more details The nomenclature reported herein covers nearly all known type A influenza viruses, and it is easy to be expanded to meet...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:20

... (TGG)4TGCTG CCC(CTG)4 BDEST01P1_Contig3709 DV479746 BDEST01P1_Contig3759 BDEST01P1_ Contig3531 BDEST01P1_Contig3777 DV488951 BDEST01P1_ Contig3106 BDEST01P1_ Contig0404 BDEST01P1_ Contig3491 No ... indicate that some of the EST-SSRs identified in this study are polymorphic in the mapping population VrnA [6] and, thus, can be used for marker development, demonstrating that L perenne ESTs are ... limit their degree of polymorphism The transferability of SSR loci across species within a genus has in several studies been above 50% [28,29,3537], whereas the transferability of SSR loci across...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 05:20

... of the deletions occurred in a region of the genome for which we had a high density of arrayed clones, we clearly defined it as an 18 Mb deletion (Fig 7a) Other deletions were less well defined ... was considerably lower than that of the feeder cells If indeed the envelope gene was deleted from provirus and not produced from the host cell, the envelope protein might arise from "shedded" Env-protein ... including the envelope gene Evidence for deletions generated in the cellular DNA By delivering LoxP sites to a genome, the LoxP virus may create large gene deletions, translocations, and inversions...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 13:20

... included in Aedes ESTs or predicted gene models Manual annotation was performed using Apollo [14] Predictions were made conservatively with evidence needed from nontransposon-related Aedes ESTs ... linkage groups A well-defined set of Aedes transcripts (such as those in this study) combined with Aedes Evidence used for the manual annotation of the BAC sequences included ab initio gene prediction ... number of gene models and this dataset was used as evidence for manual annotation conjunction with Aedes ESTs to limit the number of exons to those that had similarity to gene models in the other...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:21

... supragenome model A plate diagram of the H influenzae supragenome model Each node in the diagram represents a random variable, and the arrows indicate dependence between the variables Independent, identically ... shaded in yellow, while divergent strains are shaded orange supragenome model for S agalactiae that, like LanderWaterman statistics, is based on the assumption that contingency genes are independently ... assumed to be independent of all other genes This assumption is sometimes violated in real H influenzae genomes For example, genomic islands are sets of genes that are not independent However,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 07:21

... included in X To define the first level of our model, we denote the vector of SNP-specific region centers with mi = (mi,1,+, mi,2,+, mi,3,+, mi,1,-, mi,2,-, mi,3,-) We model the distribution of this ... partially funded by NIH grants 1R01GM083084-01, 1P41HG004059 and P50 HL73994 (Core E); Benilton Carvalho was funded by NIH grant 1R01RR021967-01A2 and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível ... average value To address this problem, we made CRLMM's confidence metric per-call accuracy We feel methodologies developed in the future will be of greater utility if this convention is followed...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:21