characterizing variability uncertainty and incomplete knowledge

... baths, and washing clothes and dishes is an important route of exposure Studies of experimental laboratory showers by Andelman (1985a,b, 1990; Andelman, Meyers, and Wilder 1986; Andelman, Wilder, and ... (Bi et al 2005; Daisey, Mahanama, and Hodgson 1998; Higgins, Griest, and Olerich 1983; Higgins 1987; Guerin, Higgins, and Jenkins 1987; Jermini, Weber, and Grandjean 1976; Löfroth et al., 1989; ... Gundel, Hansen, and Apte 1997; Singer, Hodgson, and Nazaroff 2003), which contaminates about 60% of all U.S homes and workplaces (Repace and Lowrey 1980, 1985; Miller, Branoff, and Nazaroff 1998)...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 00:21

... burning oil, gas, and coal, and from discharges of ethylbenzene from factories Ethylbenzene gets into the soil by spills of gasoline or other fuels and poor disposal of industrial and household wastes ... during forest fires Xylene is used as a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries It is used as a cleaning agent and a thinner for paint and varnishes Xylene is a major component ... adhesives, and rubber, and in some printing and leather tanning processes Toluene is a major component of JP-8 fuel Toluene enters the air through automobile exhaust It can enter surface water and groundwater...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 03:20

... that is clean and safe for drinking and recreation and that is suitable for industry, irrigation, and habitat for fish and wildlife Escalating population growth and increasing demands for the ... are the most frequently detected contaminants in soil and ground water at abandoned landfills and dumps, and at many industrial, commercial, and military sites across the Nation Federal regulation ... design and methods of sampling and analysis The assessments thereby build local knowledge about water-quality issues and trends in a particular stream or aquifer while providing an understanding...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 19:20

... reference the following American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and United States Environmental Protection Agency ... Standard Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings (January 10, 2001) 2.2 ASTM D 1426-98: Standard Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen in Water (December 10, 1998) 2.3 ASTM D 4017-96a: Standard ... 2001) 2.16 ASTM D 850-00: Standard Test Methods for Distillation of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Materials (December 10, 2000) 2.17 ASTM D 1078-01: Standard Test Methods for Distillation...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 20:20

... measurement uncertainty from the measurement series are as follows: (a) Generate a random series r with the same length as c (7292 elements) and variance νr2 ) (b) Perform FFT on c and r, and calculate ... contribution from the northwest and a spike in the south The motor vehicles on highways 225 and 146 and Spencer Hwy may increase the concentrations of c9- and c10-benzenes and may be a reason for the ... of this source is 0.599 and identical to the result of weekend factor Source contains toluene and xylene These emitters are operation units and equipment of the chemical and refining industry (e.g.,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... eyes, nose and throat, skin on the face, neck and hands, and the upper and lower airways (MGlhave, 1991) Most effects observed under controlled conditions seem to be of an acute nature and may show ... eyes, nose and throat) as well as symptom questionnaire responses on odour intensity, air quality, eye and throat irritation, headache and drowsiness and mood scale measures of fatigue and confusion ... Interantional Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Helsinki, Finland, July 4-8, vol 2, pp 159-163 Sundell, J., Andersson, B., Andersson, K., and Lindvall, T., 1993 Volatile organic compounds...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 19:20

... overlapping spatial coverage and instrument payloads, and zero-dimensional, regional, and global models were used to investigate plumes as they exited the MCMA and evolved in space and time This evolution ... VOCs (NMHCs and OVOCs) as measured at the T0 and T1 sites, top panel and bottom panel, respectively The measurements for T0 and T1 are daytime averaged values obtained between 09:00 and 18:00 local ... ground and aloft and on the emission, transport, and transformation of VOCs downwind of the metropolitan area Measurable VOCs as defined here consist of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 20:20

... defined standard operating procedures, and validated analytical methods of VOC collection and analysis The factors affect the SPME process, such as adsorption and desorption times and sampling ... in exhaled air, and apply it to a cross-sectional study of NSCLC and COPD patients, and healthy control smokers and non-smokers, and a short-term follow-up study of patients undergoing surgery ... NSCLC and COPD patients, and asymptomatic control smokers and non-smokers A subsequent nested short-term follow-up study of the NSCLC patients was carried out with repeat VOC sampling and analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:21

Ngày tải lên: 12/04/2015, 14:24

... CHEMICAL AND BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2008 I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, family, and xiaobai Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, ... very suggestion and inspiration, and Marvin Joseph Fonacier Montefr, Mathew i Acknowledgements Sini, Doan Thi Thai Yen, Dang The Cuong, Subramanian Karuppiah for their personal and technical support ... staff and technical personnel for facilitating the administrative aspects of my research! Last but not least, I am deeply indebted to my parents, family, and husband whose patient love and sustained...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:06

... selectivity and the use of certain modulations minimizes the effect of other interfering gases This is a good way to register the concentration of CO2 and CO, and so, control the ventilation and IAQ ... applications ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support from the Spanish Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología within projects TEC2007-67987-C02-02 and TEC2007-68065-C03-01, and FEDER funds is acknowledged ... Arregui, and R O Claus, Fiber Optics Hand Book: Fiber, Devices and Systems for Optical Communications Ch 15 1st ed McGraw Hill Professional, New York, 2001, vol B Culshaw, G Stewart, F Dong, C Tandy,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 20:20

... compositions and quantities that are being used; (iv) and finally the current study on personal exposure measurements and bio-monitoring The latter were carried out in May 2007 To so, both personal and/ or ... or biological monitoring [8-10] and as mentioned above, we referred to the French, American and/ or German values and adopted the most severe among them (Table and table 3) [3,12,13,21] Table ... average values of hexane and toluene among shoe factory workers (individual exposure), were respectively 47 mg/m3 and 86 mg/m3, and ranging respectively between to 652 mg/m3 and to 1143 mg/m3 In...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 00:20

... Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp.85-92 chemical reactions and due to evaporation of chemicals put into the landfill Any gases generated tend to rise through the landfill and ... which this occurs is affected by landfill content and by weather [2, 4], and therefore varies from site to site and throughout the year Once emitted into the air, landfill gases are carried on surface ... found in landfill gases with the amount varying from landfill to landfill depending upon whether the landfill received wastes containing these chemicals Also, the amount of VOCs in landfills depend...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... TDS-like effects of ECs and EC mixtures in animal studies, together with new understanding about when and how androgens regulate development of the male reproductive system and how this may relate ... fungicides (such as Vinclozolin, DDE and Procymidone) exert their antiandrogenic effects by binding to the AR – and then instead of activating it, sit there and block it and thus prevent activation of ... potentially antiandrogenic pesticides (procymidone, linuron, iprodione, chlozolinate p,p’DDE, and ketoconazole) and toxic substances (dibutyl- and diethylhexyl phthalate, PCB 169, and ethane dimethane...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 10:20

... q1 and q2 = equilibrium solid phase concentrations of compounds and q1 = (C1,0 − C1,e)/Cc and q2 = (C2,0 − C2,e)/Cc C1,0 and C2,0 = initial liquid phase concentrations of compounds and C1,e and ... chemistry of activated carbon and adsorbate properties also can affect adsorption (Coughlin and Ezra, 1968; Gasser and Kipling, 1959; Kipling and Shooter, 1966; Snoeyink and Weber, 1972; Snoeyink ... concentrations of compounds and K1 and K2 = single-solute Freundlich parameters for compounds and 1/n1 and 1/n2 = single-solute Freundlich exponents for compounds and Cc = carbon dose These equations...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 03:20

... at any one time, and the estimates of decadal changes in emissions, is affected by two different types of uncertainty: uncertainty in the FIA data (data uncertainty) , and model uncertainty, which ... located on the ground, and established as a field plot For each field plot, a number of variables were recorded, including current land use, previous land use, stand age, and plantation vs natural ... isoprene and monoterpene, based on species-specific VOC emission measurements (Appendix), and calculated the mid1980s standing basal area, and the decadal change in basal area, for isoprene emitters and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... on the right side so the double bonds will be located between carbon atom no and carbon atom no and carbon atom no and carbon atom no The name of the compound is 1,3-pentadiene Example CH3CH2CCH ... 1,4-dinitrobenzene para-dinitrobenzene Ortho = the and positions on the ring (adjacent carbon atoms) Meta = the and positions on the ring (alternate carbon atoms) Para = the and positions on the ring (opposite ... ester is formed from the combination of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol They are often highly aromatic compounds and are used for flavors and fragrances O  Functional Group: CO O  General...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... precision and accuracy, respectively, of instrument response to standard Calibration and Standardization 10.1 follows Calibrate the VOC monitoring instrument as After the appropriate warmup period and ... the stem and housing Place the probe at the interface where the stem exits the packing gland and sample the stem circumference Also, place the probe at the interface of the packing gland take-up ... Preservation, Storage, and Transport 8.1 Instrument Performance Evaluation Assemble and start up the instrument according to the manufacturer's instructions for recommended warmup period and preliminary...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... medicine, industry, business and research, and for domestic and cosmetic purposes Physical characteristics and sources of exposure to artificial UV radiation Table UV index and Standard Erythemal Dose1 ... UV, UVB and UVA (de Winter & Pavel, 2000) Today, lamps originally designed and intended for industrial applications (drying, polymerization) and which emit UV (UVA, UVB and UVC), visible and infrared ... Artificial UV Radiation and Skin Cancer This standard was first established in 1985 and further modified in 1990, in 1995 and in 2002 A first amendment was added in 2004 and a second amendment...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 21:20