cardin et al 1985 the procter amp gamble company 1979a

... studies in the United States (The Procter & Gamble Company, 2001; 15 OECD SIDS AMINE OXIDES The Procter & Gamble Company, 2003B) The Netherlands (The Procter & Gamble Company, 1996A; Soap and Detergent ... AO (CAS No 70592-80-2) in rats orally exposed and mice dermally exposed (The Procter & Gamble Company, 1979A; The Procter & Gamble Company, 1979B; Cardin et al, 1985) A chronic drinking water study ... The Procter & Gamble Company, 1978G Primary Eye Irritation Study in the Albino Rabbit The Procter & Gamble Company, 1978H Rabbit Eye Irritation Study of P0434 The Procter & Gamble Company, 1979A...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2017, 20:29

... of the present values of assets before their purchase, these estimates need only indicate that the present value of net cash flows exceeds the cost of the asset Furthermore, this analysis (called ... best all that can be reported is the value of the building as of the date of the financial statement, which cannot be the investor’s decision date Worse yet, the values of most assets cannot be determined ... to Enron the same or similar assets at close to the prices they “paid.” These dealings wrongly allowed Enron to report profits on the sales and, almost simultaneously, increase the book value of...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2014, 11:15

... great deal of discretion The specified capital-asset ratio is just the final trigger The regulators can also downgrade banks on the basis of regular or special examinations and even put them in ... told The Wall Street Journal in an article that appeared July 20, 1990 “If it was there for all those years, who is committing the fraud, the government or the people at the institutions?” See also ... have been able to access the capital markets have been periods of exceptional economic growth When the capital markets are closed to these borrowers, the economy stagnates All of this is a lesson...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2014, 12:47

... book value of common stock Book value of assets Market-to-book ratio Book value of assets Market value of equity Debt/equity Debt/assets Years listed Sales growth R&D/sales Advertising/sales Exports/sales ... Exports/sales PPE/sales Capex/sales EBDIT/sales Share turnover Foreign ownership Market share Market value of common stock plus book value of preferred stock Book value of debt divided by market value ... whether the index or subindices predicts market values We use ln(Tobin's q) as our principal measure of market value (we take logs to address high-q outliers), and market/book and market/sales...

Ngày tải lên: 02/01/2015, 17:33

... identify the 100 firms with the highest income-increasing abnormal accruals, the 100 firms with the highest income-decreasing abnormal accruals, and the 100 with the lowest abnormal accruals We ... are obtained by ranking the remaining firms on their Abnormal Accruals Abnormal Accruals is the abnormal component of total accruals estimated with the Jones crosssectional model (see Equation ... firms These requirements leave 3,947 observations for the calculation of abnormal accruals Abnormal accruals (AbnAccruals) for each firm i in industry j are defined as the residual from the regression...

Ngày tải lên: 02/01/2015, 17:34

... firms balance the interests and motivations of the various stakeholders, it is necessary not only to analyze the structure of the capital market in the economy, but also to analyze the legal and ... The aim of this paper is to document the driving factors of the financial policy choice and to evaluate the relevance of two alternative theories, the trade-off theory and the pecking order theory ... Colwm and Lin, 1999) Finally, the number of the years that the company is listed was gauged by calculating the number of years elapsed since the company listed in the ASE Finally, interesting finding...

Ngày tải lên: 02/01/2015, 17:34

... they not consider the absolute value of discretionary accruals nor they examine positive and negative discretionary accruals separately, which Myers et al (2003) reveal to be important for determining ... and Hypothesis Development Numerous studies investigate the relation between audit firm tenure and earnings quality in the U.S setting These studies use discretionary accruals (Johnson et al 2002; ... determining the effect of long tenure In later work, Chen et al (2008) use the absolute value of discretionary accruals and signed discretionary accruals to proxy for earnings quality They find...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:41

... post5 Chi et al (2011) measure client importance measure as the natural logarithm of client sales divided by the sum of the natural logarithm of sales for all of the audit partner‘s clients They proxy ... AND HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT Numerous studies investigate the relation between audit firm tenure and earnings quality in the U.S setting These studies use discretionary accruals (Johnson et al 2002; ... years However, they not consider the absolute value of discretionary accruals nor they examine positive and negative discretionary accruals separately, which Myers et al (2003) reveal to be management)‖...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:41

... than the closest competitor, and otherwise SIZE is the natural logarithm of total assets (data6) TRANSPARENCY is the descending rank of the absolute value of the residual from a cross sectional ... natural logarithm of total assets (#6); decile rank of absolute value of residual from regression of annual returns on annual earnings (#18), changes in annual earnings, both scaled by total assets ... of a company and is defined mathematically on page ACCRUAL is performance matched discretionary accruals per the modified Jones [1991] model scaled by ending total assets LEVERAGE equals total...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:41

... in terms of either their potential honesty or their potential dishonesty (Quadackers et al 2014) These alternative frames may arise formally (e.g., COSO 1992; AICPA 2011a) or informally on different ... Quality; Game Theory   I INTRODUCTION We test whether the effects of auditor rotation on audit quality depend upon the mental frame (Hanson 2011) with which auditors evaluate either the honesty ... clear whether the content of any informal chat will affect auditors’ beliefs about management or their audit effort.7 For example, it is unclear whether the content of chat in this setting will...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:41

... test whether the length of the relationship between a company and audit firm is associated with financial reporting quality The analysis is conducted using two empirical proxies of quality: the ... Audit market competition 0 1 2 Capital market reaction 0 3 Total 16 24 30 Total 24 Note: The total of the empirical studies (24) is different from the total shown in this figure (30) due to the fact ... quality, mandatory limits on the duration of the engagement might impose unintended costs on capital markets Conclusions The papers surveyed analyse the relationship between the capital markets...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:41

... the quality of these models Therefore, the empirical tests in the paper have to be interpreted as joint tests of the quality of the set of economic determinants, the functional form of accruals ... equal to ―0‖ otherwise sales growth rate calculated as the sales in year t minus sales in t-1 and scaled by sales in year t-1 natural logarithm of total sales cash flow in year t scaled by total ... as the logarithm of total assets, the results are similar Furthermore, when GROWTH is measured as the annual change in total assets or change in sales, the results remain equally unchanged Finally,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:42

... We scale all the variables in regression (1) by total assets in year t-1 to reduce potential heteroskedasticity The nondiscretionary accruals deflated by the total assets (NDACC) for the sample ... audit hours for the company the discretionary accrual measure following Dechow et al (1995) the performance-matched discretionary accrual measure following Kothari et al (2005) the number of consecutive ... and a are the estimated coefficients from regression (1) Then, the discretionary accruals (DACC) are computed as the difference between total accruals scaled by prior-year total assets and NDACC...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:43

... industry, and the ethical standards of the audit team (Carcello et al 1992); and the technical competence of the audit team (Beattie and Fearnley 1995; Zerni 2008) Schroeder et al (1986) argue ... quality Behavioural studies include Shockley (1981), Mock and Samet (1982), Knapp (1985) , McKinley et al (1985) , Schroeder et al (1986), Knapp (1987), Sutton and Lampe (1990), C 2011 CPA Australia ... the Treasury in Australia, the final report of the Advisory Committee on the Auditing Profession in the US and the release in the UK of The Audit Quality Framework (2008) These reports have identified...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:43

... the instruments by analyzing the sample analogue of the moments conditions used in the estimation process If the moment condition holds, then the instrument is valid and the model has been correctly ... annual reports are considered as the latest source of information available at the time of the study for the entire sample Data was gathered from the annual reports of selected companies and the ... 345 Amer Alhazaimeh et al / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 129 (2014) 341 – 348 First, the Hansen/Sargan test of over-identifying restrictions examines the overall validity of the instruments...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:46

... (Black et al. , 2006), the United States (Gompers et al. , 2003), and several emerging markets (Klapper and Love, 2004) These indices are used to determine the relationship between a firm's overall ... achieved for the value weighted portfolios Therefore, we not continue to evaluate the performance of the value weighted portfolios The addition of market returns does not affect the performance ... add back the market return.6 We compute sector returns as the average return of all stocks in our sample belonging to a particular sector In the right columns of Table 5, we present the outperformance...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:48

... literates in the evaluation of the quality of financial reporting items and whether the salience and the recurring nature of the items would affect the groups' evaluations They found that in ... influencing the extent and the quality of communication between the external auditors and the audit committee and that the AC should play a greater role than they currently in ensuring the quality of the ... nonetheless be potentially violating the spirit of GAAP (Krishnamoorthy et al 2002a).An archival study in this area was conducted by Klein (2002b) who examined whether there is a link between the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:49

... Sarbanes-Oxley from the perspective of capital market competiveness He begins by noting that the US equity markets’ share of global IPOs has fallen precipitously over the first years of the new century ... a return on their capital By crosslisting, these firms can improve the quality of their governance and attract new equity on favorable terms The evidence suggests that the presence of external ... requires the simultaneous investigation of the kinds of legal protection provided to investors and the quality of the enforcement of those protections Inclusion of judicial quality and the rigor of the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/01/2015, 19:49

... distinguished the preural region, located between the anterior base of the dorsal fin and the base of the caudal fin, and the ural region that includes the caudal fin and its support The border between the ... dorsal growth of the basidorsals Also, Zhang et al (2012) wrongly termed the supraneural “neural spine” These few examples illustrate how limited are the data available on the axial skeleton ... organized around the notochord, the basidorsal and interdorsal, and the basiventral and interventral, which form the dorsal and the ventral arcualia, respectively The basidorsals carry short,...

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2016, 09:57