carboxylic acids and esters

... with a carboxylic acid Very slow reaction, unless! an acid catalyst used (usually sulphuric acid) A condensation reaction The condensation reaction between the hydroxyl group and the carboxylic ... reaction = ester hydrolysis Names of esters end in –oate Naming Named after alcohol & carboxylic acid from which they are derived O C CH3 CH2 CH3 let’s name some esters! O ethyl this part comes from ... after it ethanoate this part from the acid and is named after it Structural formulae Although the previous structural formula are the clearest way of showing esters, they can draw out in a shortened...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 22:01

... Acylation with Carboxylic Acid Chlorides and Anhydrides 51 52 Esters of Carboxylic Acids – Conventional Methods carboxylic acid esters with unsaturated side chains, e.g cinnamic acid esters, are ... functions of dicarboxylic acids or mixed derivatives containing aliphatic ester moieties and ester functions of dicarboxylic acids, 4.1 Acylation with Carboxylic Acid Chlorides and Anhydrides ... reactivity is observed for the introduction of esters in the case of cellulose in the order acetic > propionic > butyric acid [93, 94] 44 Esters of Carboxylic Acids – Conventional Methods Fig 4.3 Acylation...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 16:20

... Chapter 16 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 16.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 18 Polarity of Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids ... CH3—CH2—COO K + H2O 28 Chapter 16 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 16.3 Esters 16.4 Naming Esters Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 29 Esters In an ester,  The H ... Boiling Points and Solubility TABLE 16.2 Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 23 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids   Are weak acids Ionize in...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 22:01

... Moderate Weak Structure of Acids • oxy acids have acid hydrogens attached to an oxygen atom H2SO4, HNO3 Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach Structure of Acids • carboxylic acids have COOH group ... to produce OH- ions and cations ionic substances dissociate in water NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) • acids ionize in water to produce H+ ions and anions  because molecular acids are not made ... the Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases and Their Conjugates in the Reaction H2SO4 + H2O ⇔ HSO4– + H3O+ When the H2SO4 becomes HSO4−, it lost an H+ − so H2SO4 must be the acid and HSO4− its conjugate...

Ngày tải lên: 28/11/2013, 01:12

... racemic at carbon 3, and the synthetic (3-R,S)-methylhexadecanoic and (3-R,S)-methylheptadecanoic acids, have been used It has been shown that the synthetic 3-methyl-branched fatty acids are metabolized ... van de Vlaamse GemeenschapÕ (GOA 94/98–12 and GOA 99/03–09) and from the ÔFonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-VlaanderenÕ (G-0239.98, G.0164.96 N and G.0115.02) V.F was supported by a fellowship ... phytanic acid and 3-methyl-adipic acids in patients with Adult Refsum’s disease In Peroxisomal Disorders and Regulation of Genes, 25–28 September 2002, Belgian Society for Cell and Developmental...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 02:20

... RCOCH CH2OCR" O R, R', and R" can be the same or different called "triacylglycerols," "glyceryl triesters," or "triglycerides" fats and oils are mixtures of glyceryl triesters Esters of Glycerol ... Esters Fischer esterification (Sections 15.8 and 19.14) from acyl chlorides (Sections 15.8 and 20.3) from carboxylic acid anhydrides (Sections 15.8 and 20.5) Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones ... Review and a Preview Reactions of Esters with Grignard reagents (Section 14.10) reduction with LiAlH4 (Section 15.3) with ammonia and amines (Sections 20.13) hydrolysis (Sections 20.9 and 20.10)...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:13

... ()61TTATTT)56 and )37TTATTT)32), GLU2 [)506TTATTT)501 and )90TTATTT)85 ()strand)], GLT ()311TATAAAT)305), carA ()277TATATAA)271 and )188TTATTT)183), and carB [)361TTATTT)356 and )143TTATTT)138 ()strand)] ... The high levels of glutamine and glutamate (nitrogen-rich ve-carbon amino acids) and asparagine and aspartate (four-carbon amino acids) (up to 80% of the total amino acids) (Fig 3) 4068 te te cc ... )220 )217, and )129 )216), GLU2 ()223 )220, )218 )215, and )139 )216), GLT ()310 )307, )28 )25, and )24 )21), carA ()237 )234, )151 )148, and )115 )112), and carB ()405 )402 and )79 ...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 01:20

... ‘Non-protein amino acids , alias ‘non-proteinogenic amino acids or ‘non-coded amino acids 1.9 Coded amino acids, non-natural amino acids and peptides in nutrition and food science and in human physiology ... Introduction 1.1 Sources and roles of amino acids and peptides More than 700 amino acids have been discovered in Nature and most of them are ␣-amino acids Bacteria, fungi and algae and other plants provide ... geological and extra-terrestrial distribution of amino acids 1.11 Amino acids in archaeology and in forensic science 1.12 Roles for amino acids in chemistry and in the life sciences 1.12.1 Amino acids...

Ngày tải lên: 04/06/2014, 16:05

... 12: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS C=O C=C SP2 carbon Y=OH NOMENCLATURE OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS IUPAC names: hydrocarbon + “oic acid” Some natural occurring acids & derivatives PREPARATIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ... Reduction reactions H2/Ni, Pt, Pd or NaBH4 can NOT reduce acids, esters, amides 29 LiAlH4 is used to reduce only compounds such as acids, esters, amides that can NOT be reduced by milder agents ... REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Esterification reactions 12 IUPAC names: alkyl + carboxylate 13 Intramolecular ester formation: Lactones 14 IUPAC names: 2-oxacycloalkanone 15 Reactions of esters Ester...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 15:20

... acids are electron pair acceptors and bases are electron pair donors acids are electron pair donors and bases are electron pair acceptors Q: A chemical ... ion is: monoprotic diprotic triprotic polyprotic Q: Vinegar, fruit juice, and cola are examples of: strong acids weak acids strong bases weak bases ...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 03:00

... Extraction and analysis of phenolic acids Phenolic acid contents Phenolic acids were extracted as described by Cvikrová et al (1991) Briefly, free, ester-bound (released after alkaline hydrolysis) and ... contents of phenolic acids (represented by the sum of free, methanol soluble conjugated forms, i.e ester- and glycoside-bound phenolics, and methanol-insoluble cell wall-bound phenolic esters) induced ... phenolic acids (SG) accounted for most of the total content (about 85%), followed by the methanolinsoluble cell wall-bound phenolic esters (CWE; 7–8%) The amounts of methanol soluble esters (SE) and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 10:21

... of Acids and ­Bases What are Acids and ­Bases? 13 Determining Acids and ­Bases 26 Acids and Bases in ­Chemistry 41 Acids and Bases in ­Industry 55 Acids and Bases in the Human ­Body 74 Acids and ... ­ owry theory of acids and ­bases What are Acids and Bases?  21 Lewis Acids and ­Bases In 1923, the same year that Brønsted and Lowry came up with their idea of what acids and bases were, an ... potassium hydroxide), or strong acids such as sulfuric acid Bases change pink litmus blue and react with acids to form a salt and water Bases are also called ­alkalis Acids and bases are almost always...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 04:21

... Eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid: collaboration and not antagonism is the key to biological understanding Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002, 66(1):83-90 Simopoulos A, Cleland L: Omega-6/Omega-3 ... intake of omega-3 fatty acids partly replaces omega-6 fatty acids incorporation into membrane phospholipids and omega-3 fatty acids have a higher affinity than omega-6 fatty acids for several enzymes ... e Sum of arachidonic and linoleic acids f Adjusted for age, total energy intake and dietary intake of vitamin B12, alcohol and dietary intake of other than omega-6 fatty acids g Sum of eicosapentaenoic...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 16:22

... The peak and average power in the matches was similar in the trials After the supplementation, CHO and CHO+AA trial showed significantly higher glucose and insulin, and lower glycerol and non-esterified ... rest between match and 2, and a 2-hr rest between match and Each match contained exercise periods interspersed with 1-min rests The subjects alternated 10-s all-out sprints and 20-s rests in each ... effect of branched-chain amino acids and arginine on glucose disposal and performance was also investigated Nine well-trained male wrestlers participated in trials in a random order Each trial contained...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 23:21

... various carboxylic acids and of short chain fatty acids [5] Organic acids have been used for a number of years with varying success for ameliorating enteric infections [9] and the withdrawal ... of the combination of acids and tannin added into basal diet compared with diet with organic acids and basal diet (i.e diet without growth promoters) on growth performance and selected biochemical, ... Sevnica; Sevnica, Slovenia) and overall 0.15% of acids (lactic acid, citric acid, orthophosphoric acid and L and R malic acid) The pigs were observed throughout the feeding trial and health status was...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:22

... understanding of enhancement mechanisms of fatty acids NMR spectroscopy and conductivity measurements of fatty acid and drug mixture are used to identify ion pairing between fatty acids and the ... hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs such as salicylic acid, estradiol, progesterone and acyclovir (Aungst et al., 1986; Aungst, 1989; Ogiso and Shintani, 1990) Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ... for CsA and for diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, topical CsA has displayed superior efficacy and reduced side effects (Hewitt and Black, 1996) However, like most peptides and proteins,...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2015, 10:37

... such as density, cetane number, heating value and low temperature properties On the other hand, the need for standardization of biofuels physical and chemical properties has been widely recognized ... hydroperoxides increases the risk of polymerization and acidification and of the appearance of insoluble sediments and gums, which can lead to filter plugging and deposits in the fuel systems Esterified ... and the product was allowed to settle in two layers The upper layer consisted of ester and alcohol and was separated from the bottom layer (glycerin) The upper layer was distilled to remove and...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 15:28

... the ligands (tyramine, serotonin and benzalkonium) on the AAA and esterase activities of BuChE was performed in parallel on wild-type enzyme and the D70G mutant The substrates were neutral and positively ... carboxylesterases and albumin, was controlled by nondenaturing PAGE and activity staining [26,68] Kinetics of substrate hydrolysis in the absence of ligand Kinetic assays with neutral and positively and negatively ... 0.01 lm, and that of the D70G mutant was 0.196 0.02 lm Effects of ligands on steady-state kinetics The effects of the ligands (L: tyramine, serotonin and benzalkonium) on the AAA and esterase...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 17:20

... (e.g Ne-carboxymethyl-lysines and Ne-carboxyethyl-lysines and pentosidine) being known to accumulate with age on tissue proteins, and at an increased rate in LDL and atherosclerotic lesions in ... manner, via scavenger receptor SR-A- and CD36-mediated processes, and that the uptake of lipid and protein occurs in synchrony Furthermore, it is shown that both lipid and modified protein accumulate ... free cholesterol (A), total cholesteryl esters (B) and percentage cholesteryl esters of total cholesterol (sum of free cholesterol plus total cholesteryl esters) (C) present in HMDMs after exposure...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 02:20