biological methods of treating wastewater
Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_1 ppt
... Constituents of Water and Wastewater 131 freedom from toxic materials, favorable pH and osmotic pressure conditions, optimalamount of nutrients, and the presence of significant amount of population of ... t, and let Lc represent the CBOD of theoriginal waste. The rate of accumulation of the cumulative amount of oxygen, dy/dt,is proportional to the amount of CBOD left to be consumed, Lc − ... when the sum of the squares of R is equal to zero, it is certain that the residual is zero. This meansthat when the sum of the squares is zero, the partial derivative of the sum of thesquares...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_2 ppt
... downstream end of flumeD = width of upstream end of flumeE = depth of flumeF = length of throatG = length of diverging sectionK = difference in elevation between lower end of flume and crest of floor ... size of flume (in terms of throat width)A = length of side wall of converging section2/3A = distance back from end of crest to gage pointB = axial length of converging sectionC = width of downstream ... rate of flow of fluids. In wastewater treatment, the choice of flow meters is especially critical because of thesolids that are transported by the wastewater flow. In all cases, the possibility of solids...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_3 potx
... characteristics of the pump are the diameter of impeller or length of stroke D, the rotational speed or stroking speed ω, some roughness ⑀ of the chamber,and some characteristic length ᐉ of the chamber ... pumpAt 20°C, Pv (vapor pressure of water) = 2.34 kN/m2 = 0.239 m of waterAssume standard atmosphere of 1 atm = 10.34 m of water.Therefore, theoretical limit of pump cavitation = −(10.34 − ... Sincero of about 13 meters and an rpm of 990. These values substituted into Equation (4.43),after converting the rpm of 990 rpm to radians per second, produces an Ns of 1.73.A number of calculations...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_4 potx
... treatment of sewage and the sedimen-tation basin used in the treatment of raw water for drinking purposes are two of theunits in the physical treatment of water and wastewater that use the concept of flocculent ... basin is constructed to remove some of the turbidities.These turbidity particles are composed not of a single but of a multitude of particlessettling in a column of water. Since the formulas derived ... direction of settling, (5.10) where m is the mass of the particle and a its acceleration. Calling ρp the mass density of the particle, ρw the mass density of water, the volume of the particle,...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_5 ppt
... length of the paddle blades of thelongest compartment to that of the length of the paddle blades of the middlecompartment is 2.6:2, and the ratio of the length of the paddle blades of the middlecompartment ... ApProjected area of paddle bladeAptSum of projected areas of paddle bladesb Length of paddle bladeCDCoefficient of dragD Width of paddle bladeDaThe diameter of the impellerDtDiameter of vesselE ... velocity of bubblesAverage rise velocity of watervpTangential velocity of paddlevptPaddle tip velocityVolume of tankVbVolume of bubbleAverage volume of bubbles in tankAverage volume of...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_6 pot
... sand of sieve analysis of Problem 7.10 is used to con-struct (a) a slow-sand filter of average porosity of 0.39 operated at9.33 m3/m2 ⋅ d and (b) a rapid-sand filter of average porosity of ... bemade of blocks equipped with holes. The condition of the bed is such that the coarserheavy grains are at the bottom. Thus, the size of these holes and the size of theperforations of the septum ... largest grains of the bed to pass through.Figure 7.3 shows a cutaway view of a pressure filter. The construction of thisfilter is very similar to that of the gravity filter. Take note of the underdrain...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_7 doc
... rate of application of the influent berecorded, as the length of δ is dependent upon this flow rate. The faster the rate of application, the longer the length of δ, and the slower the rate of ... breakthrough mass of adsorbate before exhaustion. The totalvolume of wastewater treated at exhaustion is designated by .Determination of the length of the active zone. The length of the active ... Mass of cake per unit volume of filtratek A constant in the Freundlich isotherm[C] Equilibrium concentration of adsorbate in solution[Cci] Concentration of species i in concentrate of RO...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_8 docx
... for the pur-pose of determining the value of β of a particular wastewater. The [Cos,w] of the wastewater after shaking the jar thoroughly is 7.5 mg/L. The temperature of the wastewater is 25°C. ... performs an experiment for the purpose of determining the value of β of a particular wastewater. If β is found to beequal to 0.89 and the [Cos,w] of the wastewater after shaking the jarthoroughly ... performs an experiment for the purpose of determining the value of β of a particular wastewater. If β is found to beequal to 0.89 and the temperature of the wastewater is 25°C, calculate[Cos,w].9.15...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_9 potx
... of solids produced in the lime-soda processMTCaTotal mass of noncarbonate hardness of calciumTotal mass of Ca(HCO3)2MTMgTotal mass of noncarbonate hardness of magnesiumTotal mass of ... original number of equivalents of the bicarbonate. Calculate the original number of moles of the bicarbonate.10.4 The total mass of calcium carbonate solids produced from softening of calcium sulfate ... Inflow to softening plantMg1 Concentration of magnesium in influent from first stage of split-treatment softening plantMg f Concentration of magnesium in treated water Mgr Concentration of raw...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_10 docx
... liquid state of a substanceLI Langelier of Saturation IndexPblockPercent blocking potential of a segment of pipe due to potentialdeposition of CaCO3pHsSaturation pHQpipeRate of flow through ... ionCaOH+Hydroxide complex of calcium ion[∆carb] Moles of carbon dioxide per unit volume of flow required to bringthe pH of water to the saturation pHSulfate complex of calcium ion[∆Decarb] Moles of base per ... temperatureVolpipeVolume of pipe segment in which blocking potential is to be deter-minedz Charge of ion{ } Read as “activity of ” [ ] Read as “concentration of ”γActivity coefficientγCaActivity coefficient of...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_11 potx
... constant of Equilibrium constant of Equilibrium constant of Equilibrium constant of KFeOHcEquilibrium constant of FeOH+KFeOHcEquilibrium constant of FeOH2+Equilibrium constant of Equilibrium ... fromthe use of an optimum dose of copperas of [FeIIopt]geqKilograms of ferric hydroxide plus the solids produced fromthe raw water suspended solids resulting from the use of anoptimum dose of [FeIIIopt]geq ... coagulantMCaOFeIIIKilograms of lime used with one of the ferric salts used ascoagulantMCaOkgeqFeIIIKilogram equivalents of lime used with one of the ferric saltsas coagulantMFeIIIClKilograms of...
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Standard Methods for Examination of Water & Wastewater_12 potx
... coefficient of Activity coefficient of Activity coefficient of Activity coefficient of Fe2γMnActivity coefficient of Mn(II) ionγMn(OH)cActivity coefficient of Mn(OH)+Activity coefficient of PROBLEMS13.1 ... in terms of equivalents of the bicarbonateion, or in terms of the equivalents of the hydroxide ion. The number of equivalents of the hydroxide ion is equal to its number of moles, so it is convenient ... results.Reduction—The addition of electrons to the valence shell of an atom.Reference species—The number of moles of electrons involved or the number of positive (or negative) moles of charges or oxidation...
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ADVERTISING METHODS OF HANOI HORISON HOTEL
... that is, the number of ads, thelength of ads and when they are put on the air. -Web papers: You probably would not have seen this means of advertisingon a list of advertising methods if you had ... other methods of communication. But not who also read them , advertise by a hotel's little sum of moneysalso costly email, but also isn't acquired efficiently. Because number of emailplenty ... thanmost of major forms of advertising. However, with the increasing number of television networks and stations, businesses might find good deals for placingcommercials or other forms of advertisements....
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Statistical Methods of Valuation and Risk Assessment: Empirical Analysis of Equity Markets and Hedge Fund Strategies
... 80-85. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ZürichUniversity of Zürich, Swiss Banking InstituteMaster of Advanced Studies in FinanceMaster ThesisStatistical Methods of Valuation and Risk Assessment:Empirical ... ratio of 1.05 where the directional strategies exhibit a ratio of 0.75 and in the case of a minimal acceptable rate of 0% non-directional strategies exhibit on average an annualisedratio of 1.75 ... confidence intervals of the estimates arealso represented by red dashed lines.3.6.2 Graphical Analysis of Time-Varying ExposuresSince a minimum number of observations, i.e. number of asset classes,...
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