bats dermopterans primates and tree shrews

... other subcorrespondence between substrings and subtrees, for example between the whole TREE and the whole STRING (trivial), between the subtree 4(5(6),7) and the two occurrences of the substring ... strings of terms on one hand and a set of trees on the other (by means of a linear sequence of sets of trees) The rule RN! describes a correspondence between a single term and a tree containing a node ... substrings of STRING and subtrees of TREE (a more formal notation using indices would be less readable for demonstrational purposes) In the TREE, a node is given by an identifier and a label (eg |:NP)...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... Pennsylvania [Kroch and Joshi 1:986] Kroch, Anthony and Joshi, Atavind K., 1986 Analyzing extraposition in a Tree Adjoining Grammar In tIuck, G and Ojeda, A (editors), Syntax and Semantics: Discontinuous ... Ik-Hwan; and Kang, Young-Se (editors), Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics Hanshin Publishing Company, Seoul, Korea [Rainbow and Becker 1990] Rambow, Owen and Becker, Tilman, 1990 Scrambling and Tree ... containing only ID relations with trees in an MC-TAG tree set However, we need to introduce an additional constraint: the foot node of the first tree (~1) in the tree set of Figure has to dominate...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... head and the element for which it subcategorizes, i.e between C and IP, I and VP, D and NP Subjecthood is the relation between a head and its "subject" Moditication holds between a head and adjunct ... theory, binding theory, and bounding theand substitution An elementary tree is a minimal nontry, cannot be expressed perspicuously through licensing recursive syntactic tree, a predication structure ... [Kroch and Joshi, 1985] [Kroch and Santorini, 1987] Kroch, in two remarkable papers [1986] and [1987], has shown that even constraints on long distance dependencies, which intuitively demand a...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 20:20

... language modeling itself, Graham and van Genabith (2010) shows an experiment that incorporates a syntax-based model into an PB-SMT system Tree automata and tree transducers Tree Automata are similar ... Mark Hopkins, and Kevin Knight 2009 The power of extended topdown tree transducers SIAM Journal on Computing, 39(2):410–430 Andreas Maletti 2010 A Tree Transducer Model for Synchronous Tree- Adjoining ... parse tree to phrases before rule extraction Language models that take into account syntactic aspects have also been an active research subject While works like Post and Gildea (2009) and Vandeghinste...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... (Joshi and Schabes, 1997, fn 6) With these changes, the sample TAG grammar and derivation tree of Figures and 4(a) might be expressed with the core TAG grammar and derivation tree of Figures and ... consisting of a regular tree language L (or, equivalently, a tree automaton) and two tree homomorphisms hi and ho The tree relation defined by a bimorphism is the set of tree pairs that are generable ... derived tree for one of the projected tree- substitution grammars The homomorphisms are linear and complete because the tree relation between a tree- substitution grammar derivation tree and its...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 20:20

... Cooperation in Primates and Humans Mechanisms and Evolution Peter M Kappeler Carel P van Schaik (Eds.) Cooperation in Primates and Humans Mechanisms and Evolution With 61 Figures and 18 Tables ... summary of recent work and progress in these related areas, integrating inter-related theoretical problems and their evolutionary and proximate solutions by humans and primates for the first ... sharing and other relevant topics (2) The range of behavioral mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior in primates and humans is documented and critically assessed to identify mechanisms of, and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 12:58

... and Wto maximize gain in information 16/76 Random Forest – Summary Pros Generalization through bagging (random samples) &  G li ti th hb i ( d l )& randomised tree learning (random features) Very f Very fast ... al] Very unbalanced tree Speeds up for unbalanced  Speeds up for unbalanced binary problems Hard to design g 31/76 B i Bagging Random ferns? Random ferns? Random forest Random forest Bagged boosting classifiers ... IQ(Y) W Q Q(F) 15/76 Randomized Tree Learning left split right split Features I Ychosen from a random feature pool I  ) Thresholds Wchosen in range h h ld h i Choose I and Wto maximize gain in information...

Ngày tải lên: 24/04/2014, 13:26

... climatically controlled (Figs and 5) Interpretation Human land-use, forest dynamics and tree growth 745 Figure Tree establishment at the treeline and main land-use changes in the studied area based on historical ... the tree establishment, and more in general the forest dynamic, has been mainly controlled by human land-use (Fig 6) and that the tree growth has been mainly climatically controlled (Figs and ... F.H., Tree Rings and Environment Dendroecology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Paul Haupt Verlag, Berne, 1996 Human land-use, forest dynamics and tree...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 16:20

... structural variables of stands and the likelihood of fire damage (e.g [2, 9, 30, 31, 39]) For example, Pollet and Omi [31] and Agee and Skinner [2] concluded that open stands of large trees with a small ... size and position of the tree in the diameter distribution (dand BAL), and the structure of the stand (Dg , sd /(Dg + 0.01) and G), on the other hand Variables PPinea and QSuber represent the ... 0.43 0–1 sample tree: species, dbh, height, survival, and distance and azimuth from the plot centre This resulted in 6229 survivors and 3369 dead trees, out of a total of 9598 trees inventoried...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 16:21

... were detected between both tree species (ANOVA F = 19.7, p < 0.0001 and d.f = 5) and shrubs (ANOVA, F = 30.1, p < 0.0001 and d.f = 6) Among the tree species, A campestre and, to a lesser extent, ... L and Viburnum lantana L.; evergreen broad-leafed: Ilex aquifolium L and Viburnum tinus L.; and evergreen needle-leafed: Juniperus communis L., J oxycedrus L and J phoenicea L., In sub-humid and ... wildland fires through a comparison of the presence/absence of these species in burned and unburned neighbouring areas MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1 Study species For this study, a total of 15 tree and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 16:21

... each tree modelled (tree total height, crown base height and crown radii, for example) In some studies, these parameters are measured on each tree of the simulated stand, requiring long and tedious ... created for each tree (b) Tree No and No crowns have reached (and slightly exceeded) their target volume (c) (d) The radii of tree No has increased while not overlapping neighbours and target volume ... single stand The stand was well adapted to the CROM algorithm test because of particularly important asymmetry among trees, due to the old coppice-with-standards structure of the stand and the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 00:22

... vapour (gH2O), and CO2 concentration in the mesophyll internal air spaces (Ci) in leaves of seedlings (located in the sun and shade crown of adult trees) and adult Fagus sylvatica trees in response ... 46] and in the shade crown [47] Therefore, it was the aim of this study to characterise morphological and biochemical parameters in sun and shade leaves of seedlings and adult Fagus sylvatica trees ... grown in the upper and lower canopy of a 55-year-old forest stand [32] throughout one growing season The contents of protective pigments and antioxidants of seedling and adult tree leaves were...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:21

... of forest stands were selected that include the most important tree species and stand structure types in Germany The stands consist of trees with a coniferous (Picea abies L Karst.) and a broadleaved ... Mensuration and Growth and Yield Research, Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute/Ministry of Environment and Energy, Tampere, Finland, 1995, pp 234241 [50] Wang Y.P., Jarvis P.G., Description and ... set as pr1 and pr2 and are also presented in Table II for each tree species and for pure and mixed plots (not for each plot!) In order to derive crown projection area from measured and simulated...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 01:21

... Rotberg and Dennis Thompson Goodness and Advice by Judith Jarvis Thomson Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry by Michael Ignatieff Democracy, Culture and the Voice of Poetry by Robert Pinsky Primates ... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Waal, F B M de (Frans B M.), 1948– Primates and philosophers : how morality evolved / Frans de Waal ; edited and introduced by Stephen Macedo and Josiah Ober ; Christine M Korsgaard ... Josiah Ober and Stephen Macedo ix PART I Morally Evolved: Primate Social Instincts, Human Morality, and the Rise and Fall of “Veneer Theory” Frans de Waal Appendix A: Anthropomorphism and Anthropodenial...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:21

... judgments, and only secondarily from slower conscious processes (e.g., Zajonc 1980, 1984; Bargh and Chartrand 1999) Unfortunately, the emphasis on individual autonomy and rationality and a corresponding ... coalitions and alliances, which some consider the hallmark of primate social life and the main reason that primates have evolved such complex, cognitively demanding societies (e.g., Byrne and Whiten ... language and culture Bottom-up accounts are the opposite of Big Bang theories They assume continuity between past and present, child and adult, human and animal, even between humans and the most...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:21

... hand and climbed to the highest point of the highest tree where she wrapped her legs around the trunk so that she had both hands free to hold the bird She then carefully unfolded its wings and ... in subject and object (Dimberg 1982, 1990; Levenson and Reuf 1992) In short, human physiological and neural activity does not take place on an island, but is intimately connected with and affected ... experimenter with her right hand while steadying the human hand with her left hand Her partner looks on Drawing by Gwen Bragg and Frans de Waal after a video still and the subject always saw the...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:21

... community, and our moral decisions reflect these feelings For the same reasons, people object to moral solutions that involve hands-on harm to another (Greene and Haidt 2002) This may be because hands-on ... asocial and competitive to the kindest and gentlest The same process may not have specified our moral rules and values, but it has provided us with the psychological makeup, tendencies, and abilities ... community and the precedence it takes, or ought to take, over individual interests Humans go much further in all of this than the apes (Alexander 1987), which is why we have moral systems and apes...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:21

... has done good and who has done bad, whose grievances are valid and whose aren’t—humans seem naturally to pass judgments that work in favor of family and friends and against enemies and rivals This ... reversals, rational decisions and opportunism” and then asserts, “there is no room in this policy for sympathy and antipathy.”2 Actually, many of Luit’s policy reversals, and much of his opportunism, ... emotions, on the one hand, and with planning and reasoning, on the other Also notable is the prominence of these respective parts of the brain compared with their prominence in nonhuman primates e.g.,...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:21

... about what we ought to and to be like and we are constantly trying to live up to them Apes not live in that way We struggle to be honest and courteous and responsible and brave in circumstances ... principles and values is a very different thing from a form of life governed by instinct, desire, and emotion—even a very intelligent and sociable form of life governed by instinct, desire, and emotion ... connections of cause and effect, and put that knowledge to work in pursuing your ends Reason by contrast looks inward, and focuses on the connections between mental states and activities: whether...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:21

... better with others of our species, and hence to cooperate in more detailed plans But reason also helps us, as individuals, to find food and water, and to understand and avoid threats from predators, ... philosopher and social theorist—there’s an obvious thought These animals could use their time and energy much more efficiently and profitably than they do, were they to have some device for extending and ... Hall of Mirrors.” COMMENT 139 guidance and self-control, the ability to speak and to discuss potential moral resources with one another, and about fifty thousand years (at least) of important cultural...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 13:21