basic interpersonal communicative skills bics and cognitive academic language proficiency calp

... the basic sentence patterns is one of the most important and basic grammatical matters in English and Vietnamese. Students only can write or speak English correctly when they master the basic ... analysis between the basic sentence patterns in English and Vietnamese and the cause of two common errors given above, I discuss some implications of the study for language teaching and learning. Firstly, ... sentence. Learners must understand main elements and their functions in the sentence and the basic patterns clearly to be able to translate Vietnamese sentence into English and vice versa correctly Secondly,...

... listening skills and tests their understanding of numbers, which is often an important part of language teaching materials. III. Story Time 1. Participants pick and listen to a tape randomly ... individual language skills and easily applied in the classroom. One feature of these games is that students with lower language ability in a team can still contribute if they are good at skills ... tasks. And finally, the competition stimulated their interest in foreign culture. As Uberman (1998, 87) writes, "Games encourage, entertain, teach, and promote fluency and communicative skills. ...

... in the Basic Router Maintenance and Troubleshooting section of the Basic Router Operation Tutorial. TIP Many TFTP server implementations require you to access files, for both upload and download, ... /?Issue=19&IssueDate=09-01-2000&CP= 11/06/01 Date of Issue: 09-01-2000 Backing Up and Restoring Router Configuration Files and IOS Software Images by Marc Menninger / Barry Meinster Objectives Setup ... should have at least a basic configuration from either completing the router's setup script or manually configuring your router similar to the sample configuration in the Basic Router Operation...

... in the Basic Router Maintenance and Troubleshooting section of the Basic Router Operation Tutorial. TIP Many TFTP server implementations require you to access files, for both upload and download, ... should have at least a basic configuration from either completing the router's setup script or manually configuring your router similar to the sample configuration in the Basic Router Operation ... Basic Router Operation Tutorial. You should also install and configure a TFTP server in your lab network. This is fairly easy to do, and any PC or laptop can function as your TFTP server for...

... foreign and second language. Good choice and use of learning strategies would help learners become more independent and autonomous as well as improve learners’ language competence and communicative ... second language . Therefore, the language learner capable of using a wide variety of language learning strategies appropriately can improve his language skills in a better way. Metacognitive ... the focus on language skills In fact, the focus of research on learning strategies might be on all four language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing) or on one or more language modalities...

... defects/merits. Moderate Autonomism, the position outlined by Anderson and Dean, holds that they never are. In their outline and defence of MA, Anderson and Dean hold that: the moral content of a work can ... that art qua art can possess cognitive value qua cognitive seems counter-intuitive, and to be connected to an implausibly restrictive notion of artistic (and indeed cognitive) value. Instead, like ... prominent ‘anti-cognitivists’, Lamarque and Olsen, who, limiting their account to literature, and restricting the notions of truth and knowledge to propositional truth and knowledge, then deny that they...

... Lei and Tseng 637 groups was that participants in the single mode group learned with sound only and the double mode group learned with sound and text. Cognitive load and listening in foreign language ... uncertain, and whether unnecessary information led to cognitive overload for learners also remains inconclusive. According to the studies done by Jones and Plass (2002) and Diao, Chandler and Sweller ... with double mode (sound and text) outperformed students learning with single mode (sound) and had lower cognitive load. Studies related to foreign language learning and cognitive load are mostly...

... 2008;2(1):42-45 Memory loss is one of the most common complaints  arising in consultations with elderly people, being reported  by 25% to 50% of these individuals. 1  However, whether  these subjective memory complaints (SMC) are related to  objective memory deficits or to subsequent development  of dementia, remains a matter of debate. A recent review found that SMCs are not consistently  associated with current cognitive impairment, but rather  are associated with a greater risk of future cognitive de- cline. 2  Indeed, the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment  (MCI), which entails an increased likelihood of conversion  to dementia, demands the existence of SMCs, preferably  confirmed by an informant. 3 High age, female gender and low educational level are  generally associated with a higher prevalence of memory  complaints. 1  In an autopsy study, SMCs were found to be  related to the presence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathol- ogy in elderly with and without dementia, suggesting that  memory complaints in older persons may be a sign of self  awareness of a degenerative process. 4 However, SMCs might also be related to depression and some personality traits, such as neuroticism. 2  It is also pos- sible that these complaints vary according to the culture of  the people studied. In a recent Brazilian study, Minett et  al. found that subjects with and without SMCs performed  similarly in a series of cognitive tests, although the former  had higher scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale. 5 The present study aimed to further investigate this topic  in a group of cognitively healthy Brazilian elderly subjects  which were divided into two subgroups according to the  presence of SMCs and submitted to brief cognitive tests. Methods Sixty cognitively intact elderly individuals (39 females  and 21 males), aged 69.9±6.3 years (ranging from 60 to 91  years), and with mean educational level of 8.5±5.5 years  (ranging from 1 to 20 years), were included in the study.  These individuals were family caregivers of demented pa- tients followed at the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology  Unit of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University  of Minas Gerais, in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, and also  volunteers recruited from the community. Inclusion criteria were absence of neurological or psy- chiatric diseases according to a clinical interview, absence  of depression (see below), and no use of benzodiazepines,  antidepressants or neuroleptics.  All participants were submitted to the Mini-Mental  State-Examination (MMSE) 6,7 and to the Cornell scale of  depression. 8,9  Performance on the MMSE was adjusted for  educational level and had to be greater than or equal to 21  for 1-3 years of schooling, greater than or equal to 24 for  4-7 years and greater than or equal to 26 for individuals  with 8 or more years of schooling. 10  Scores on the Cornell  scale of depression had to be less than or equal to 7 points  in order to rule out depression. 8 Cognitive evaluation was carried out with the follow- ing tests: the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) 11,12 ,  digit span forward and backward and the Frontal Assess- ment Battery (FAB). 13,14  The BCSB includes a memory test  of 10 simple figures and yields different scores, namely:  incidental and immediate memory, learning, delayed recall  and recognition. 15,16  The battery also includes a category  fluency test (animals per minute) and clock drawing and has proven very sensitive in the diagnosis of mild AD. 12  The  FAB is a brief diagnostic instrument for the assessment of  executive functions in patients with suspected frontal lobe  syndrome. 13 All individuals were given a structured self-report  memory questionnaire, the MAC-Q. 17  This questionnaire  was devised to assess age-related memory decline. It is  composed by six questions related to memory function- ing in everyday situations (e.g., to remember a telephone  number that he/she uses at least once a week) in which  the subject is asked to compare and rate his/her current  ability to when he/she was 40 years’ old. The total score on  the MAC-Q ranges from 7 to 35, where greater scores in- dicate subjective memory loss. Scores greater than or equal  to 25 have been found to be suggestive of age-associated  memory impairment. Accordingly, in the present study,  the individuals were divided into two groups: absence of  SMCs (MAC-Q scores <25) and presence of SMCs (MAC- Q scores ≥25). The performance of the two groups on the  different cognitive tests was compared. One of the authors administered the MMSE, the Cor- nell scale and the MAC-Q. Subsequently, the other inves- tigator, blinded to the subjects’ results for these three mea- sures, administered the cognitive evaluation. Descriptive analysis of the data and statistical compari- sons between the performances of the two groups on the  different cognitive tests were carried out with MedCalc  software. Student’s t-test was used for comparison of age,  educational level and MMSE scores, as well as for the results  of the other cognitive tests (digit span, BCSB and FAB).  Chi-square was employed for comparing gender distribu- tion of the two groups. Level of significance was set at 0.05.  The study was approved by the Research Ethics ... 2008;2(1):42-45 Memory loss is one of the most common complaints  arising in consultations with elderly people, being reported  by 25% to 50% of these individuals. 1  However, whether  these subjective memory complaints (SMC) are related to  objective memory deficits or to subsequent development  of dementia, remains a matter of debate. A recent review found that SMCs are not consistently  associated with current cognitive impairment, but rather  are associated with a greater risk of future cognitive de- cline. 2  Indeed, the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment  (MCI), which entails an increased likelihood of conversion  to dementia, demands the existence of SMCs, preferably  confirmed by an informant. 3 High age, female gender and low educational level are  generally associated with a higher prevalence of memory  complaints. 1  In an autopsy study, SMCs were found to be  related to the presence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathol- ogy in elderly with and without dementia, suggesting that  memory complaints in older persons may be a sign of self  awareness of a degenerative process. 4 However, SMCs might also be related to depression and some personality traits, such as neuroticism. 2  It is also pos- sible that these complaints vary according to the culture of  the people studied. In a recent Brazilian study, Minett et  al. found that subjects with and without SMCs performed  similarly in a series of cognitive tests, although the former  had higher scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale. 5 The present study aimed to further investigate this topic  in a group of cognitively healthy Brazilian elderly subjects  which were divided into two subgroups according to the  presence of SMCs and submitted to brief cognitive tests. Methods Sixty cognitively intact elderly individuals (39 females  and 21 males), aged 69.9±6.3 years (ranging from 60 to 91  years), and with mean educational level of 8.5±5.5 years  (ranging from 1 to 20 years), were included in the study.  These individuals were family caregivers of demented pa- tients followed at the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology  Unit of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University  of Minas Gerais, in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, and also  volunteers recruited from the community. Inclusion criteria were absence of neurological or psy- chiatric diseases according to a clinical interview, absence  of depression (see below), and no use of benzodiazepines,  antidepressants or neuroleptics.  All participants were submitted to the Mini-Mental  State-Examination (MMSE) 6,7 and to the Cornell scale of  depression. 8,9  Performance on the MMSE was adjusted for  educational level and had to be greater than or equal to 21  for 1-3 years of schooling, greater than or equal to 24 for  4-7 years and greater than or equal to 26 for individuals  with 8 or more years of schooling. 10  Scores on the Cornell  scale of depression had to be less than or equal to 7 points  in order to rule out depression. 8 Cognitive evaluation was carried out with the follow- ing tests: the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) 11,12 ,  digit span forward and backward and the Frontal Assess- ment Battery (FAB). 13,14  The BCSB includes a memory test  of 10 simple figures and yields different scores, namely:  incidental and immediate memory, learning, delayed recall  and recognition. 15,16  The battery also includes a category  fluency test (animals per minute) and clock drawing and has proven very sensitive in the diagnosis of mild AD. 12  The  FAB is a brief diagnostic instrument for the assessment of  executive functions in patients with suspected frontal lobe  syndrome. 13 All individuals were given a structured self-report  memory questionnaire, the MAC-Q. 17  This questionnaire  was devised to assess age-related memory decline. It is  composed by six questions related to memory function- ing in everyday situations (e.g., to remember a telephone  number that he/she uses at least once a week) in which  the subject is asked to compare and rate his/her current  ability to when he/she was 40 years’ old. The total score on  the MAC-Q ranges from 7 to 35, where greater scores in- dicate subjective memory loss. Scores greater than or equal  to 25 have been found to be suggestive of age-associated  memory impairment. Accordingly, in the present study,  the individuals were divided into two groups: absence of  SMCs (MAC-Q scores <25) and presence of SMCs (MAC- Q scores ≥25). The performance of the two groups on the  different cognitive tests was compared. One of the authors administered the MMSE, the Cor- nell scale and the MAC-Q. Subsequently, the other inves- tigator, blinded to the subjects’ results for these three mea- sures, administered the cognitive evaluation. Descriptive analysis of the data and statistical compari- sons between the performances of the two groups on the  different cognitive tests were carried out with MedCalc  software. Student’s t-test was used for comparison of age,  educational level and MMSE scores, as well as for the results  of the other cognitive tests (digit span, BCSB and FAB).  Chi-square was employed for comparing gender distribu- tion of the two groups. Level of significance was set at 0.05.  The study was approved by the Research Ethics ... Neuropsychologia 2008;2(1):42-45 42 Memory complaints and cognitive performance of healthy elderly Caramelli P, Beato RG Subjective memory complaints and cognitive performance in a sample of healthy...

... building on the level/s below. The draft standards: • set out the expected knowledge, understanding and skills as well as their scope and level of demand • are not detailed curricula or schemes ... functional skills? The DfES defined functional skills as: ‘the core elements of English, mathematics and ICT that provide an individual with the essential knowledge, skills, and understanding ... September 2008 and September 2010. ‘Generic learning’ is a mandatory component of all the Diplomas and includes:  functional skills in English, mathematics and ICT  personal, learning and thinking...

... Stixrud and Urzua (2006) model the influence of young people’s cognitive and non- 2 Accounting for Intergenerational Income Persistence: Noncognitive Skills, Ability and Education Jo Blanden ... earnings among the cognitive variables are for copying at age 5 and maths at age 10. The results suggest that, conditional on the other noncognitive and cognitive scales, a standard deviation ... compared (Blanden et al, 2004). This paper seeks to understand the level and change in the intergenerational persistence of sons by exploring the contribution made by noncognitive skills, cognitive...

... 72 Cognitive deficits in 20 PD patients and 20 age- and gender-matched controls using cognitive and psychomotor laboratory assessments and a structured on-road driving test. ... a highly signiWcant correlation between the cognitive laboratory tests and the driving test, and slowness of cognitive processing was considered to be the main cognitive correlate of driving problems. ... illness, and should be assessed with appropriate instruments. Speech and language The most prevalent speech problems in PD are hypophonia (i.e., reduced variability in pitch and loudness) and dysarthria...

... and multiple hemorrhages on her skin. Physical examination reveals pallor of the skin and conjunctiva, and multiple petechial hemorrhages on her skin. Her liver and spleen are not enlarged, and ... Explanations, and References 385 CHAPTER 7 ENDOCRINE 437 Questions 438 Answers, Explanations, and References 461 CHAPTER 8 MUSCULOSKELETAL AND NEUROPATHOLOGY 497 Questions 498 Answers, Explanations, and ... wall and scapular region. The central group of lymph nodes lie near the base of the axilla between the lateral thoracic and subscapular veins and receive lymph from the pectoral, lateral, and...

... readings, importance of academic research, incorporating academic research in classroom 25 Reading and Understanding Academic Research in Accounting 27 2000) to the success of new audit methods (Bamber and Ramsay, ... students and other non-academics who want to quickly, rather than thoroughly, read and evaluate academic papers. In the next section we look at the importance of academic research to you and your ... research process, from theory to results, is then written into a paper and submitted to an academic journal. Reading and Understanding Academic Research in Accounting 29 CREATING NEW KNOWLEDGE - THE...