basic concepts and definitions of exposure and dose

... baths, and washing clothes and dishes is an important route of exposure Studies of experimental laboratory showers by Andelman (1985a,b, 1990; Andelman, Meyers, and Wilder 1986; Andelman, Wilder, and ... Apte 1997; Singer, Hodgson, and Nazaroff 2003), which contaminates about 60% of all U.S homes and workplaces (Repace and Lowrey 1980, 1985; Miller, Branoff, and Nazaroff 1998) Among these are several ... air, water, and biological media (breath, blood, urine) Since new methods are often developed and described as part of studies of human exposure, such exposure studies are also described and referenced...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 00:21

... burning oil, gas, and coal, and from discharges of ethylbenzene from factories Ethylbenzene gets into the soil by spills of gasoline or other fuels and poor disposal of industrial and household wastes ... a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries It is used as a cleaning agent and a thinner for paint and varnishes Xylene is a major component of JP-8 fuel Route of exposure Xylene ... livers, and high levels of exposure can cause liver and kidney damage Studies of people exposed over long periods to high levels of trichloroethylene in drinking water found more heart defects and...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 03:20

... aquifer, geochemistry of the ground water, and the transport and fate properties of VOCs, affect the occurrence of VOCs in ground water (sidebars 7 and 8, and p. 14 and 15) 8.  Urban Land Use Contributes ... indiscriminately Because of this practice, VOCs often are the most frequently detected contaminants in soil and ground water at abandoned landfills and dumps, and at many industrial, commercial, and military ... solvent and an extractant, and as an intermediate product in organic synthesis Also, chloroform and other THMs are by-products of the chlorination of drinking waters and wastewaters, and the...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 19:20

... the determination of the composition or concentration of fragrance components in products 1.4 The term “Executive Officer” as used in this document means the Executive Officer of the Air Resources ... (analysis of acetone and ethanol by gas chromatography) NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Volume (August 1994) 2.10 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Volatile Organics (analysis of exempt and ... Determination of Volatile Matter Content and Density of Printing Inks and Related Coatings: 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A, as it existed on July 1, 1994 2.13 US EPA Reference Method 18, Measurement of Gaseous...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 20:20

... where di and si are the values of wind direction and wind speed of sample i The ranges of wind direction and wind speed are divided into a series of subranges having similar numbers of samples ... concentration of compound j in the emission of source p, and the strength of source p on sample i (16, 19) In this section, wind direction and wind speed will be used to illustrate the construction of the ... (the number of sources) elements T(ti,p) represents the action of temperature ti for source p The task of solving this expanded PMF model is to determine the values of F, G, D, S, W, and T to fit...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 14:20

... studies of VOCs in indoor air typically quantify only about 50 VOCs out of the many more present The use of a combination of two GC columns of different polarity and/ or the use of both an FID and ... for reporting exposures, that is, as indicator of air quality, and as a predictor of the probability of health and comfort effects The WHO definition of VOCs refers to the behaviour of the compounds ... Office for Official Publications of the European Communities IS0 (International Standard Organization), 1994 International Standard: Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 19:20

... terms of spatial extent and temporal evolution This is of topical interest since the export of pollutants from megacities and concentrated urban centers to downwind areas is of growing concern and ... Tracking the export of pollutants and understanding the impact of large urban centers on downwind air quality is scientifically challenging and requires a synthesis of observational data and modeling ... characterize the chemical and physical transformations and the ultimate fate of pollutants exported from the MCMA, and was part of the MILAGRO group of field campaigns An overview of the field campaign...

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 20:20

... for identifying and quantifying selected VOCs in exhaled air, and apply it to a cross-sectional study of NSCLC and COPD patients, and healthy control smokers and non-smokers, and a short-term ... time with that of pure standard and charac- The method was validated by studying the linear range, and the limits of detection and precision Linearity was established over four orders of magnitude ... constant was >0.60), and the number of factors was chosen on the basis of the flex point of the graph of decreasing eigenvalues; the percentage of variance explained was also recorded and PRISM 3.0...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:21

Ngày tải lên: 12/04/2015, 14:24

... substances and are generally accepted as POPs Technical HCH is constituted by 67–70% of α-HCH isomer, 13% of γ-HCH isomer, 6% of δ-HCH isomer, 5–6% of β-HCH isomer and traces of ε-HCH, λ-HCH and ν-HCH ... 5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 75 5.3.1 Levels of OCP, PCB and PBDE in fetal and maternal compartments 75 5.3.2 Model of PLSR 82 5.3.3 Influential factors on TPT of POPs ... characteristics and the levels of POPs 150 8.3.4 Health risks of exposure to POPs in Singapore 152 8.4 CONCLUSIONS 155 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND FUTURE EFFORTS 156 9.1 CONCLUSIONS OF...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:06

... affect this syndrome, and the presence of VOCs is taken into account in all theories, so its detection and control are very important to handle with the SBS cause of the presence of some gases [9]; ... repetitive and seems to be worst than the one with extrinsic sensors On the other hand, chemical dyes offer an almost unlimited number possibilities of detection of different VOCs or gases, and among ... modulations minimizes the effect of other interfering gases This is a good way to register the concentration of CO2 and CO, and so, control the ventilation and IAQ Humidity and O2 might be also detected...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 28/03/2014, 20:20

... used: Water Workshop of the Powder Adhesive Surface: 34 m2 Number of workers: Number of stations: - Filling of the machine of conditioning of the powder adhesive - Conditioning of the powder adhesive ... prevention measures and regulations in Table Exposure indices according to the workshop Type of workshop Personal exposures Environmental samplings Index of exposure Index of pollution Solvented ... France and Germany) on the basis of working hours period/day and 39 hours/week (Table 2) [3,13-18] To account for the combination of solvents we created a cumulative relative index of personal exposure...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 00:20

... Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp.85-92 Figure Graph of frequency against range of values of age of landfill (t) Figure represents range of values of the total ... minimum and maximum age of the landfill to be 60.85 years and 59.08 years respectively The mean, variance, and standard deviation are 60 years, 0.0496, and 0.223 respectively Figure Graph of the ... mass of solid waste in the ith section of the landfill (mg), ti = the age of the ith section of the section of the landfill (years), t = the age of the landfill (years), R = the average annual...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:11

... exposure and cryptorchidism and/ or hypospadias 26 • Quality assessment of the various studies and of the data obtained 26 • Evaluation of published studies 27 o EC exposure and ... prevalence, and evidence for changing incidence, of human TDS disorders; and (2) the range of TDS-like effects of ECs and EC mixtures in animal studies, together with new understanding about when and ... evaluation of the fetus and of the fetal testis, even if study of the mother (her 16 Male Reproductive Health Disorders and the Potential Role of Environmental Chemical Exposures EC exposure, ...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 10:20

... the adsorbate, and 1/n is a function of the strength of adsorption For fixed values of Ce and 1/n, the larger the value of K, the larger the capacity qe For fixed values of K and Ce , the smaller ... q1 and q2 = equilibrium solid phase concentrations of compounds and q1 = (C1,0 − C1,e)/Cc and q2 = (C2,0 − C2,e)/Cc C1,0 and C2,0 = initial liquid phase concentrations of compounds and C1,e and ... concentrations of compounds and K1 and K2 = single-solute Freundlich parameters for compounds and 1/n1 and 1/n2 = single-solute Freundlich exponents for compounds and Cc = carbon dose These equations...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 03:20

... random sample of points was located on aerial photographs and was classified by land cover and forest type In the second phase, a random subsample of the photo points was selected from each of ... regional level, by calculating the fraction of the land surface belonging to each of the different classes of land-use and forest type Both parts of this procedure are included in the results ... leaf mass (g) of tree i at time t, and f and s are empirical coefficients The values of f and s were taken from Ter-Mikaelian & Korzukhin (1997), which gives several values of f and s for 65 NorthAmerican...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... the second and fourth carbon atoms in the parent chain Name the compound in order of: number of carbon atom-alkyl group attached(number of carbon atom-alkyl group attached- etc ) name of parent ... Esters An ester is formed from the combination of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol They are often highly aromatic compounds and are used for flavors and fragrances O  Functional Group: CO O ... side so the double bonds will be located between carbon atom no and carbon atom no and carbon atom no and carbon atom no The name of the compound is 1,3-pentadiene Example CH3CH2CCH The longest...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... precision and accuracy, respectively, of instrument response to standard Calibration and Standardization 10.1 follows Calibrate the VOC monitoring instrument as After the appropriate warmup period and ... the probe at the interface of the packing gland take-up flange seat and sample the periphery In addition, survey valve housings of multipart assembly at the surface of all interfaces where a leak ... Flanges and Other Connections For welded flanges, place the probe at the outer edge of the flangegasket interface and sample the circumference of the flange 1161 Sample other types of nonpermanent...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... year of publication, recruitment years, study design, study location and latitude of the region; Exposure information: definition of type of exposure, age at first exposure, duration of exposure, ... duration of exposure, year of exposure, place of exposure; Case–control information: inclusion or exclusion of specific histological types of melanoma, number and source of cases and controls, matching ... was found to be relatively high for presence of labels on warning of UV danger and of exposure (85%) and legibility, accessibility and correctness of these labels (74%); lower compliance (15–20%)...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 21:20