axiomatic development of array operations

... called the vector of residuals The sum of the squares of the components of the vector of residuals is called the sum of squared residuals, or SSR Since this sum is a scalar, the sum of squared residuals ... set of all points of A outside this intersection have zero probability The probability of A, conditional on knowing that B has been realized, is thus the ratio of the area of A ∩ B to that of ... horizontal limits of the circle of B are allowed If one computes the area of the part of the circle to the left of a given vertical line, then for each event a ≡ (X ≤ x) the probability of this event...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 12:28

... Appendix 107 A.1 Proof of Lemmas 107 A.1.1 Proof of Lemma 2.1 107 A.1.2 Proof of Lemma 2.3 111 A.2 Proof of Theorems ... University of Singapore) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS AND APPLIED PROBABILITY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of ... Theorems 113 A.2.1 Proof of Theorem 2.1 113 A.2.2 Proof of Theorem 2.2 118 A.2.3 Proof of Theorem 2.3 120...

Ngày tải lên: 10/09/2015, 09:27

... proves the consistency of the resulting NL2S estimator by a modification of the proof of Amemiya (1974) 5.1.4 Tests of hypotheses I will consider the test of the hypothesis of the form h(a) (5.15) ... Phillips’ proof is of the same nature as Jennrich’ s proof (1969) of the asymptotic stability of the Gauss-Newton iteration, discussed in Section 2.3 Since (4.3) is minimized at each step of the Zellner ... the estimation of the parameters of a single equation in the system of simultaneous equations Now, I will consider the estimation of all the parameters of the system The equations of the model...

Ngày tải lên: 23/10/2013, 10:15

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2013, 15:17

... the University of Chicago and is now Associate Professor of Finance at the UC Berkeley and a former chairman of the Finance Group Prior to joining UCB he was an Associate Professor of Finance at ... co-founder and principal of Quantal International, Inc and Quantal Asset Management, and a member of the board of directors of MetaMatrix He was a Yamaichi Fellow and Visiting Professor of Economics at ... Contents List of contributors Introduction xi xv 1.1 Theoretical reasons for existence of multiple factors 1.2 Empirical evidence of existence of multiple factors 1.3 Estimation of factor pricing...

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 00:20

... increased levels [5,9-11] Therefore, the virus is present at all stages of the disease, irrespective of the development of neurologic symptoms or opportunistic infections [1] In patients without ... population [4,14] However, the influence of CD4+ T lymphocyte levels on the development of a cellular inflammatory CSF response has never been investigated in a cohort of patients with cryptococcal meningitis ... the viral load of patients with this specific type of meningitis cannot be attributed to a spillover of virus from the plasma a correlation was described in patients with CD4 counts of >200 cells/mm3...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 08:20

... impulse response (RIR) of each channel, and then the delay was determined by finding the direct paths from the two measured RIRs A systematic overview of the stat -of- the-art of TDE techniques was ... represents the maximum range of erroneous phase distribution caused by Nj(ω) The SNR of cross spectrum becomes (2g2 ) -1 if the variances of real and imaginary parts of the noise are g2, respectively ... performance of the TDE was evaluated through a number of trials in a simulated rectangular room (12 × 10 × m ) The microphone array is located at (3,3,2) and the distance from the source to the array...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 20:20

... coefficient of regression of any element of y on the corresponding element * of Zju Let the system of mixed-model equations be written as and C L C.,3 , C , =,3 C JI = [ = CUU g inverse of the coefficient ... postulate homogeneity of variance components across subclasses involved in the stratification of data However, there is now a great deal of experimental evidence of heterogeneity of variances for ... consisting of an ’expectation’ (E) and of a ’maximization’ (M) step Given the current estimate c¡ = c¡ at iteration [t], the E step consists of computing the 2[t] conditional expectation of L(x),...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... models, the number of systems of equations to be solved is relatively reduced; however, the best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) of the additive effects of the MQTL alleles and those of the remaining ... reduction of the size of the system of equations, although the sparseness in the coefficient matrix of the MME would be adversely affected With these models, the inverse covariance matrix of the ... the 2q x random vector of additive effects of the MQTL alleles, a is the q x random vector of the total additive genetic merits or breeding values, e is the n x vector of random residuals, (I...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:22

... breast cancer [8] An accumulation of tumour associated macrophages (TAM) in the stroma of a tumour may serve as an immunological indicator of the defence capability of a host However, its consequence ... significant impact of T, CD68 and Gas6 (Log rank) on survival of BC Page of 13 Kössler et al Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling 2011, 8:28 http://www.tbiomed.com/content/8/1/28 Page of 13 Table ... Assessing risk as a balance of collaborating aggressive and protective variables, the ISIR was calculated as a ratio of weighted sums of significant aggressive (in view of patient survival; from...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 16:20

... sets of initial guesses of βi and hij (the results of the second phase of AR are not shown, but are analogous) The data for this illustration consist of observations on the first variable of datasets ... different initial values of β and h; the color bars represent the value of log(SSE) The intersections of dotted lines indicate the optimum values of parameters β and h Effect of initial parameter ... the speed of convergence is slower, but the chance of reaching the optimal solution is increased A possible explanation of this phenomenon is that more regressors offer more degrees of freedom...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 23:20

... Generation consisted of 110 animals, 10 males and 100 females, produced from random mating of parents from generation Generation consisted of 500 males created by random mating of the parents in ... randomly sampled genetic values Generation consisted of 50 000 daughters of the animals in generation 2, giving each male 100 offspring and each female offspring All animals in generation were attributed, ... is the genetic value of intercept of animal i (σ2a0 = 0.3), a1i is the genetic value for slope of animal i (σ2a1 = 0.016, σa0a1 = 0.06), envi is the environmental gradient of animal i (env ~ N(0,1)),...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:21

... analysis of the number of mastitis cases in dairy cattle 382 H Naya et al From previous exploratory analysis [16,24], the age of animals appears to be a main source of variability of the number of ... probable origin of these fibres [2,9,12,20] With the aim of investigating factors involved in the development of pigmented fibres, an experiment was carried out in which fleeces of animals from ... number of zeros Additionally, there is the issue of an excess of zeros relative to Poisson sampling One attractive model for dealing with this is the ZIP One can think of a fraction h of ‘‘perfect’’...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 13:22

... of u is (Henderson, 1984): The CD of an animal i is a function of the ratio of the variance of u knowing the i results of the experiment (var( to the variance of u before the experiment i )) i ... precision of any comparison will be evaluated by a precision criterion concerning a linear combination of estimates The CD of a linear combination u’u will be a function of the ratio of the variance of ... 1984): maximization of p and A-optimality (maximization of the trace of the coefficient matrix); and t maximization of p and D-optimality (maximization of the determinant of the coefficient The...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 19:22

... extension of the theory to the measure of degree of connectedness of random factors is illustrated in this example by calculations of D and &*( for breeding dquo;’ values (table II) Sources of unbalancedness ... the variance Coo.,5 of the conditional distribution of given $ is also the variance of the marginal distribution of under the reduced model (0, A) This leads to view the ratio of determinants in ... efficiency of crossbreeding experiments involving different numbers of parameters In that § respect q can be interpreted as a kind of average measure of connectedness for (0i,!) among all pairs of levels...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 20:20

... optimization problem Let S be the column index set of X, s be any of its subset and sc be the complementary set of s The submatrix of X consisting of columns with indices in s is denoted by X(s) ... is denoted by xjk Let s be a subset of the column indices of X We denote by X(s) the submatrix consisting of the columns of X with indices in s By an abuse of notation, we also use s to denote ... 48 2.2 ˆ Average (SD) of PDR, FDR and |E| of the various methods in scenario p < n (p = 50, n = 100) 54 2.3 ˆ Average (SD) of PDR, FDR and |E| of the various methods in scenario...

Ngày tải lên: 08/09/2015, 15:31

... Components of the classical linear model Generalized linear models (GLMs) are an extension of classical linear models Recall the classical linear regression model: y = Xβ + The systematic part of the ... in the iterations plays the matrix X W(t) X Invertibility of X W(t) X does not follow from the invertibility of X X However, usually all of the weights are positive such that X W(t) X is invertible ... numerical evaluation of Φ in the maximum likelihood estimation of β Winter Term 2013/14 17/25 Generalized linear models Binary regression Count data regression Interpretation of the logit model...

Ngày tải lên: 04/12/2015, 17:08

... selection The corrected coefficient of determination We already defined the coefficient of determination, R , as a measure for the goodness -of- fit to the data The use of R is limited, since it will ... squares estimation of regression coefficients The error sum of squares is = (y − Xβ) (y − Xβ) = y y − β X y − y Xβ + β X Xβ = y y − 2β X y + β X Xβ ˆ which The least squares estimator of β is the value ... Estimation of the error variance Maximization of the log-likelihood with respect to σ yields σ ˆML = = ˆ (y − Xβ) ˆ (y − Xβ) n 1 (y − ˆ y) (y − ˆ y) = ˆ ˆ n n Since E(ˆ σML )= n−p ·σ , n the MLE of...

Ngày tải lên: 04/12/2015, 17:09

... stature, The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol 15, pp 246-263 Regression equation: yˆ = y¯ + (x − x¯) , where y denotes the height of the child and x is ... straight line by least squares The analysis of variance Interval estimation and tests for the parameters Examining residuals Goodness -of- fit How much of the variation in the data has been explained ... straight line by least squares The analysis of variance Interval estimation and tests for the parameters Examining residuals Coefficient of determination Some of the variation in the data (SST) can...

Ngày tải lên: 04/12/2015, 17:09

... expected to be selected as the director of the institute He was very upset not the position a having offered b having been offered c to have offered d to have been offered >d 14 If you are a ., ... building of the country a All b must contribute c to d building of > d III Grammar and Vocabulary: 11 Harvard University, which in 1639, is one of the oldest universities in the United States of ... about the logistics of the expedition a would know b knew c know d can know >b 14 " children like ice-cream." "That's quite natural." a Most of b Most c The most d The most of b 15 I felt as...

Ngày tải lên: 05/11/2012, 14:32