approximation of independent set is np hard

... Q)-colouring of R, if x is in P, then y is in Q and x is in P; similarly, if x is in Q, then y is in P and x is in Q So x and x always have the same colour, that is different from that of y Moreover, ... Then (P ◦ Q)-recognition is NP- hard Moreover, it is NP- complete iff P- and Q-recognition are both in NP Proof: We will prove the first part For the second part, one direction is easy, while the other ... property Then P is reducible if it is the product of two additive induced-hereditary properties; otherwise it is irreducible It is true, though by no means obvious, that if P is the product of any two...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 08:20

... problem) is stated as follows MINFAS Problem Input: A digraph G Output: Minimum number of arcs of a feedback arc set of G It is well-known that this problem is NP- hard since its decision version is ... acyclic arc set of G By Lemma the maximum number of arcs of an acyclic arc set of H is |V | − b − 3d, where d is defined as in Lemma Thus the mininum number of arcs of a feedback arc set of H is |V| ... assume otherwise By a similar argument as in the proof of Lemma 13, the set of arcs of G2 whose head δl is a subset of the set of arcs of G1 whose head δl The assumption implies that there is an arc...

Ngày tải lên: 16/10/2015, 14:11

... preparation) Thus it is unlikely that the regulation of protein synthesis is simply a consequence of either the impairment of cell cycle progression or the induction of apoptosis, both of which are associated ... apoptosis will require the use of further mutants of p53 defective in inducing one or other of the latter effects It is possible that the effects of p53 on protein synthesis are a result of new ... synthesis Moreover, we have shown that these events are not simply the consequences of p53-induced apoptosis and indeed occur independently of this process Further details of the mechanisms involved...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 18:20

... Weighted Independent Set, JGAA, 4(1) 1–16 (2000) Introduction An independent set, or a stable set, in a graph is a set of mutually nonadjacent vertices The problem of finding a maximum independent set ... Each set of distinguished elements uniquely induces a candidate for a solution, which we assume is efficiently computable from the set The weight of a solution is the sum of the weights of the distinguished ... subgraph) of each input tree Verifying if a particular tree is isomorphic to a subtree of another tree is polynomial solvable Consider the vertices of the first input tree as the distinguished elements...

Ngày tải lên: 16/06/2016, 01:33

... d tri n khai RAID có hai lo i Hardware RAID Software RAID H u li u h t máy ch u s d ng Hardware RAID có nhi u tính cao c p Trong vi t s trình bày cách thi t l p Software RAID Windows m b o an ... NGH RAID A TÌM HI U CÔNG NGH RAID I RAID LÀ GÌ? - RAID ch vi t t t c a Redundant Array of Independent Disks Ban u, RAID c s d ng m t gi i pháp phòng h cho phép ghi d li u lên nhi u ĩa c ng lúc ... sách báo c lưu tr r ng rãi Internet Trong vi t ã tìm hi u v công ngh Raid(Redundant Array of Independent Disks) - M ng D Phòng T o Nên T Các ĩa c L p Ch c c a công ngh sau: Trong công vi c h ng...

Ngày tải lên: 27/08/2012, 09:03

... the Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack for Software Assurance This software extends the value of Windows Vista Enterprise by: • Reducing application deployment costs • Enabling delivery of applications ... Windows Vista • Section lists the hardware choices necessary to run the different versions of Vista • Section is discusses tools available to help determine and decide if Windows Vista will load on ... shouldn’t you upgrade - that is the question The intent of this white paper is not to elaborate on the features of the Windows Vista operating system (with the exception of a few worth noting), but...

Ngày tải lên: 18/10/2013, 17:15

... it is necessary for the decision-maker to find the consistency of his/her decision on assigning intensity of importance to the performance measures This is done by first constructing the matrix of ... priority structure In this case, an interval of numerical values is associated with each judgment, and the pairwise comparison is referred to as an interval pairwise comparison or simply interval ... of satisfying a set of different performance measures One of the most important considerations in scheduling FMSs is the right choice of appropriate criteria Although the ultimate objective of...

Ngày tải lên: 17/12/2013, 06:15

... -subset of X A subset Y ⊂ X is called a Gδ -set (in X) if Y is a countable intersection of open subsets of X Its complement X \ Y is called an Fσ -set We remark that no irrational number λ satisfying ... (11) If Po is dense in P , then Po is a residual subset (i.e., contains a dense Gδ -subset) of P In particular, Po is uncountable if P is Proof Since the family of residual subsets of P is closed ... each of which is a disjoint union of closed intervals Let V denote the set of vectors that satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 2.1 Henceforth, by a slit we mean a vector w ∈ V whose length is given...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 17:20

... only 20%, despite the presence of ATPMg It is shown below that this is due to loss of the inhibitory effect of ATP-Mg, consequent to the removal of a heat-stable cofactor present in the highspeed ... was independent of glucuronate 1-phosphate formation In the presence of ATP-Mg, the rate of hydrolysis of 0.5 mm glucuronate 1-phosphate amounted to 0.04 nmolÆmin)1Æmg)1 protein irrespective of ... in isolated rat hepatocytes [4] The precise mechanism by which free glucuronate is formed remains unclear It is usually stated that glucuronate formation from UDPglucuronate is the result of...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 07:20

... domain of AcmA from residues 58–218 fused to thioredoxin Novagen [42] Stratagene [3] FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 2854–2868 ª 2005 FEBS This study This study This study [3] This This [13] This This This ... concomitant lysis of the cell A minimum of three repeats is needed for this to occur: derivative A2, containing two LysM domains is not able to lyse cells in trans, whereras derivative A4 is Lysis does ... resolved by RP-HPLC Acknowledgements Isolation of AcmA from the supernatant of L lactis cultures The cells of 100 mL of L lactis MG1363acmAD1 were boiled in 20 mL of 10% SDS for 15 min, washed six...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 18:20

... attempt to discover a single correct value (e.g., capital city of a country) or a set of distinct correct values (e.g., actors of a movie) So there is essentially nothing to when there is no explicit ... datasets are (correct answers are in parentheses): How tall is Michelle Obama? (180cm); How tall is the tallest penguin? (122cm); What is the height of a tennis net? (92cm); What is the depth of ... (1000cm = 10 meters); How heavy is a cup of coffee? (360gr); How heavy is a giraffe? (1360000gr = 1360kg); What is the width of a DNA molecule? (2e-7cm); What is the width of a cow? (65cm) Evaluation...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 04:20

... characteristics of the interior of the protein matrix The script a is the peak–peak distance between the maximum at %287 nm and the minimum at %283 nm, and the script b is the peak–peak distance ... value of 1.45 A Acknowledgements We thank members of the Protein Design Group (CNB-CSIC) for technical assistant and helpful comments This study was supported by funds from the Spanish Ministry of ... deposited in the HSSP database [57] The quality of each alignment was evaluated by the number and distribution of gaps, percentage of identity and distribution of hydrophobic residues Once a template...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 00:20

... mutants of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A missing the 65–72 disulfide bond: characterization of a minor folding pathway of ribonuclease A and kinetic roles of Cys65 and Cys72 Biochemistry 37, ... structural analysis of an analog of an intermediate formed in the ratedetermining step of one pathway in the oxidative folding of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A: automated analysis of 1H, 13C, and ... Regeneration of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A: detailed kinetic analysis of two independent folding pathways Biochemistry 37, 3767–3776 Rothwarf, D.M & Scheraga, H.A (1993) Regeneration of bovine...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 01:21

... biosynthesis of the aminonucleoside moiety of A201A Here we report the sequencing of a total of 6946 bp, which include the ata genes most likely implicated in the biosynthesis of this moiety of A201A ... include a number of genes of its biosynthetic (ata) gene cluster Downstream of ard1 there seems to be one end of this cluster (Fig 2) Indeed, this region contains a sequence of 719 residues with ... in the biosynthesis of the aminonucleoside moiety of puromycin [6–8] Interestingly, their organization is identical to that of the pur cluster, with the exception of pur6, which is absent from...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 01:21

... knowledge is information of which someone is aware Wisdom is then born from knowledge plus experience While knowledge changes over time, wisdom is timeless, and it all begins with the acquisition of ... and challenges exist, they are not insurmountable Given the benefits of IoT, these issues will get worked out It is only a matter of time Next Steps As often happens, history is repeating itself ... what is known to be true today Additionally, the number of connected devices per person may seem low This is because the calculation is based on the entire world population, much of which is not...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 21:20

... SODIS areas visited in Ecuador, the great majority of the people were SODIS practitioners and – as the For the dissemination of SODIS, it is advisable to target densely-populated clusters The dissemination ... It is still important to reach out to this group of people, as they may represent the other half of the population Often, this segment is composed of older people, and it is likely that this ... tens of millions We hope that this book provides inputs and suggestions for bringing POUs to that other, higher, level of dissemination This will only be possible if the level of funding inputs is...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 00:20

... X-inhibitor of apoptosis protein, which is known to block the executioner caspases [11] The pH optimum for in vitro autocatalytic processing of procathepsin B, as well as of some other cathepsins, is ... mature part is weakened [15–17], resulting in a looser conformation of the proenzyme This is followed by intermolecular cleavage of the procathepsin B propeptide [14] However, initiation of the activation ... physiological role of cathepsins Autocatalytic processing of procathepsin B whether this activity belonged to the zymogen [14] To address this question, the possible activity of procathepsin B on this substrate...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 03:20

... construction Each LR(0) state s is the closure of a set of a certain set of dotted rules, its core The closure [R] of a set R of dotted rules is the smallest set of dotted rules containing R t ... The states of ~4(G) are sets of dotted rules A -* a [3 where A -, a/~ is some rule of G A ( G ) is the determinization by the standard subset construction (Aho and Ullman, 1977) of the FSA ... -* is in G The core of the initial state so contains just the dotted rule f f ~ S For any other state s, there is a state 8~ and a symbol X such that is the closure of the set core consisting of...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... 4B, degradation of TPH phosphorylated by CaM kinase II prior to the proteasome reaction was much more rapid than that of the nonphosphorylated TPH This is presumably because the nonphosphorylated ... phosphorylation is a prerequisite for proteasome digestion of nonneural TPH This phosphorylation enables the cell to severely down-regulate the enzyme level by means of stimulation of proteasome-driven ... from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan REFERENCES Kaufman, S & Fisher, D.B (1974) Pterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases In Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 16:20