approach to the ill pediatric patient

... Approach to the Patient: Acute Febrile Illness A physician must have a consistent approach to acutely ill patients Even before the history is elicited and a physical ... a febrile patient can be a harbinger of critical illness History Presenting symptoms are frequently nonspecific Detailed questions should be asked about the onset and duration of symptoms and ... infection, diabetes, malignancy, and chemotherapy all predispose to specific infections and frequently to increased severity The patient should be questioned about factors that might help identify a nidus...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 04:20

... bacilli Surgical evaluation is 72 essential If a Ceftriaxone (2 penicilling q24h) or oxacillinsensitive strain is isolated, those agents are superior to vancomycin (penicillin, mU q4h; or oxacillin, ... discontinued Erythroder Group A Vancomycin If ma: toxic shock Streptococcus, (1 g q12h) plus penicillin- syndrome oxacillin- Staphylococcus a or 29, 130 toxigenic bacteria should be debrided; IV immunoglobuli ... A Penicillin (2 Urgent Streptococcus, mU q4h) plus surgical mixed evaluation 19, 130 is substituted for penicillin while culture data are pending Clostridial myonecrosis Clostridi Penicillin (2...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 04:20

... patients succumb to sepsis at 58 times the rate of the general population; 50–70% of cases occur within the first years after splenectomy, with a mortality rate of up to 80%, but the increased risk ... encapsulated bacteria cause the majority of infections Adults, who are more likely to have antibody to these organisms, are at lower risk than children Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common isolate, ... streptococci can present as intractable hypotension and multiorgan failure Treatment can usually be initiated empirically on the basis of the presentation (Table 265-3) Adjunctive therapy with either...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 04:20

... of patients have skin findings Blanching macules develop initially on the wrists and ankles and then spread over the legs and trunk The lesions become hemorrhagic and are frequently petechial The ... petechial The rash spreads to palms and soles later in the course The centripetal spread is a classic feature of RMSF However, 10–15% of patients with RMSF never develop a rash The patient can be hypotensive ... Asia, and southern Europe Patients have fever, flu-like symptoms, and an inoculation eschar at the site of the tick bite A maculopapular rash develops within 1–7 days, involving the palms and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 04:20

... onset of malaise, chills, fever, and hypotension The patient develops bullous or hemorrhagic skin lesions, usually on the lower extremities, and 75% of patients have leg pain The mortality rate ... or mucosal portals of entry for the organism can be ascertained when a careful history is taken Colonization rather than overt infection of the vagina or a postoperative wound, for example, is ... streptococcal TSS Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Chaps 189 and 190) are zoonotic illnesses caused by viruses that reside in either animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors These...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 04:20

... and then progresses to ptosis, proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and papilledema The mortality rate is as high as 30% Septic thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus spreads from the ethmoid or maxillary ... instability Rapid recognition of the toxic patient with central neurologic signs is crucial to improvement of the dismal prognosis of these entities Subdural empyema arises from the paranasal sinus in ... cases Microaerophilic streptococci and staphylococci are the predominant etiologic organisms The patient is toxic, with fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity Of all patients, 75% have focal signs...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 04:20

... Staphylococci are the most common etiologic agents This diagnosis must immediately be considered in patients with a history of antecedent back pain and new neurologic symptoms Almost 60% of patients have ... abuse; recent spinal trauma, surgery, or epidural anesthesia; and other comorbid conditions, such as HIV infection The thoracic or lumbar spine is the most common location; cervical spine infections ... entity should be urgently considered if patients who have recently traveled to areas endemic for malaria present with a febrile illness and lethargy or other neurologic signs Fulminant malaria...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 04:20

... admission to intensive care units The most important task of the physician is to distinguish these patients from other infected febrile patients who will not progress to fulminant disease The alert ... illness, and lower respiratory tract symptoms Watery diarrhea may develop and may precede respiratory symptoms Dyspnea develops a median of days after the onset of symptoms and can progress to ... should be considered in patients with severe respiratory tract illness, particularly if they have been exposed to poultry To date, human -to- human transmission is rare Patients present with high...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 04:20

... assume that the erosion is the primary lesion and the redness and scale are secondary, while the correct interpretation would be that the patient has a pruritic eczematous dermatitis with erosions ... (Table 52-4) For instance, the finding of scaling papules (present in patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis) places the patient in a different diagnostic category than would hemorrhagic papules, ... important to differentiate primary from secondary skin lesions If the examiner focuses on linear erosions overlying an area of erythema and scaling, he or she may incorrectly assume that the erosion...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 20:20

... incomplete rings Pruritus: A sensation that elicits the desire to scratch Pruritus is often the predominant symptom of inflammatory skin diseases (e.g., atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis); ... Lichenoid: Violaceous to purple, polygonal lesions that resemble those seen in lichen planus Milia: Small, firm, white papules filled with keratin Morbilliform: Generalized, small erythematous macules ... epidermal atrophy) Scar: A change in the skin secondary to trauma or inflammation Sites may be erythematous, hypopigmented, or hyperpigmented depending on their age or character Sites on hair-bearing...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 20:20

... hospitalized patient with a generalized erythematous exanthem is more likely to have a drug eruption than is a patient with a similar rash limited to the sun-exposed portions of the face Once the distribution ... possible to assess the distribution of the eruption accurately The patient should first be viewed from a distance of about 1.5–2 m (4–6 ft) so that the general character of the skin and the distribution ... SKIN DISORDER In examining the skin it is usually advisable to assess the patient before taking an extensive history This way, the entire cutaneous surface is sure to be evaluated, and objective...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 20:20

... A–D The distribution of some common dermatologic diseases and lesions Figure 52-7 Psoriasis This papulosquamous skin disease is characterized by small and large erythematous papules...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 20:20

... Figure 52-9 Erythema multiforme This eruption is characterized by multiple erythematous plaques with a target or iris morphology It usually represents a hypersensitivity reaction to drugs (e.g., ... hypersensitivity reaction to drugs (e.g., sulfonylamides) or infections (e.g., HSV) (Courtesy of the Yale Resident's Slide Collection; with permission.) Figure 52-10 ...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 20:20

... pressed against the surface of the skin and rotated with downward pressure until it penetrates to the subcutaneous tissue The circular biopsy is then lifted with forceps, and the bottom is cut with ... of the slide accelerates dissolution of keratin When the preparation is viewed under the microscope, the refractile hyphae will be seen more easily when the light intensity is reduced and the ... arthralgias) Ongoing or previous illnesses History of allergies Presence of photosensitivity Review of systems Family history (particularly relevant for patients with melanoma, atopy, psoriasis, or acne)...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 20:20

... designed to assess whether a skin lesion will blanch with pressure as, for example, in determining whether a red lesion is hemorrhagic or simply blood-filled Urticaria (Fig 52-11) will blanch ... is designed to document sensitivity to a specific antigen In this procedure, a battery of suspected allergens is applied to the patient' s back under occlusive dressings and allowed to remain in ... edematous, erythematous papules and plaques are characteristic of this whealing eruption Wood's Light A Wood's lamp generates 360-nm ultraviolet (or "black") light that can be used to aid the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 20:20

... diseases occur because the specialized cells fail to perform their assigned task Cancer takes this malfunction one step further Not only is there a failure of the cancer cell to maintain its specialized ... same as the prognosis of the person with aortic stenosis who develops the first symptoms of congestive heart failure (median survival, ~8 months) However, the patient with heart disease ... of cancer cells is that the patient feels betrayed by his or her body The cancer patient feels that he or she, and not just a body part, is diseased The Magnitude of the Problem No nationwide...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... The past medical history may alert the physician to the presence of underlying diseases that may affect the choice of therapy or the side effects of treatment The social history may reveal occupational ... predisposition and point out the need to begin surveillance or other preventive therapy for unaffected siblings of the patient The review of systems may suggest early symptoms of metastatic disease ... 77-3 Patient Management Important information is obtained from every portion of the routine history and physical examination The duration of symptoms may reveal the chronicity of disease The past...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Against Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) The TNM classification is an anatomically based system that categorizes the tumor on the basis of the size of the primary tumor ... other prognostic factors have been identified (Chaps 104, 105, and 106) In addition to tumor burden, a second major determinant of treatment outcome is the physiologic reserve of the patient Patients ... of the organ of origin to regional but not distant sites, or as metastatic to distant sites The most widely used system of staging is the TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) system codified by the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... physician also has much to offer the patient for whom curative therapy is no longer an option Often a combination of guilt and frustration over the inability to cure the patient and the pressure of a ... 81) Tools are now available to minimize the acute toxicity of cancer treatment New symptoms developing in the course of cancer treatment should always be assumed to be reversible until proven otherwise ... modifications of standard protocols are likely to compromise treatment results The choice of treatment approaches was formerly dominated by the local culture in both the university and the practice settings...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20

... Pregnancy disease, gonadal germ cell tumor Calcitonin Medullary cancer of the thyroid Catecholamines Pheochromocytoma Oncofetal Antigens Alphafetoprotein Hepatocellular carcinoma, gonadal germ Cirrhosis, ... Neuron-specific enolase Lactate dehydrogenase Small cell cancer of the lung,neuroblastoma Lymphoma, Ewing's sarcoma Hepatitis, hemolytic many others Tumor-Associated Proteins anemia, Prostate-specific ... Carcinoembryonic antigen Adenocarcinomas hepatitis Pancreatitis, of the colon, pancreas, hepatitis, lung, breast, ovary inflammatory bowel disease, smoking Enzymes Prostatic acid Prostate cancer...

Ngày tải lên: 07/07/2014, 01:20