appendix a  solutions to the chapter questions

... ▽ = (∂1, , ∂n) is the gradient of  The Sobolev space H1,p(Ω) is defined to be the completion of the set { Î C∞(Ω): ||||1,p

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 22:20

... information In recent years, the problem has attracted a great deal of people Lions used the theory of maximal monotone operators to solve the existence of solution of the following problem: Δu ... Hintermann used the theory of semigroups in Banach spaces to give the existence and uniqueness of the solution for problem 1.5 – 1.7 Cavalcanti et al 7–11 studied the existence and asymptotic behavior ... where we have used 2.31 and the fact that ψ1 is the eigenfunction of the problem 1.1 – 1.4 , B1 and B2 are denoted as the expressions in the first and the second parenthesis, respectively From 2.32...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 11:20

... 2 Journal of Inequalities and Applications equations These results can be used to study the basic properties of the solutions to the nonhomogeneous A-harmonic equations Now, we first introduce ... α s,Ω,w2 3.24 Now, we have completed the proof of Theorem 3.7 Similarly, if setting w1 x following theorem w2 x w x and λ in Theorem 3.7, we obtain the Theorem 3.8 Let u ∈ D Ω, Λl be an A-harmonic ... and if Qi ∩ Qj / ∅, then there exists a cube R (this cube does not need be a member of V) in Qi ∩ Qj such that Qi ∩ Qj ⊂ NR Theorem 2.7 Let u and v be a pair of solutions to the nonhomogeneous...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 20:20

... what questions to pursue and how best to pursue them, and the choices made by members of their audiences about what to believe, the historian might study the reward structures inherent in the ... and cabinet members to the people in the street who make up the electorate The first paragraphs of this introduction made reference to the diversity of research styles in the history of thought Klaes ... another, it fits the facts (which are held to be perceived in an objective fashion) Theories that perform better in these respects eventually drive out inferior theories Factors “external” to the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... ate the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge and asserted the right to choose for themselves, they were cast out of the world of abundance into scarcity; to “eat bread in the sweat of their ... parallel with the female blame tradition of the Greek Pandora myth (Norris, 1999) The dominant thesis is, however, the challenge to divine authority by the beneficiaries of the abundance of the Garden ... in the myth, however, the system contains elements of exchange Prometheus aggregates the bones under a layer of fat in one pile, and the lean meat covered by the stomach and tripe in the other...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... to prove the historical continuity of economic thought and thereby refute the Schumpeterian thesis in its totality, we will also discuss the impact of the more serious challenges to the gap thesis ... Qabus Nameh: To benefit the inhabitants of the west they import the wealth of the east and for those of the east the wealth of the west, and by doing so become the instruments of the world’s civilization” ... led to rejection of the thesis These demonstrations have included the contributions of medieval Muslim scholars to the history of economics during the five centuries of the alleged Great Gap, the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... unwilling to put their sole faith in the self-equilibrating forces of the marketplace in order to achieve wealth and growth On the other hand, as many argued, too much interference in the laws ... seldom these authors refer to a particular state interest when they put forward their policy recommendations Certainly, it is the aim of these writers to find means and ways to enrich the nation ... called the L G MAGNUSSON 56 theory of foreign-paid incomes,” the “labor balance of trade theory,” or the export of work theory.” Instead of holding on to the dogma that a country should strive to...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... order to buy food and to reconstitute their capital; the circulation process has thus allowed these two classes in the end to get what they had in the beginning What about the productive class? They ... between the landlord and the farmer, but Quesnay did not introduce any specific revenue for the farmer In his papers, farmers are supposed to pay both the taxes (whether to the state or to the Church) ... furniture, clothes, and the like Then, the sterile class spends half of the money received (150 livres) to buy food and raw materials from the productive class; the other 150 livres is used to reconstitute...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... aim to control the seas and to dominate the trade of the “commercial world” (essentially the sea-borne trade of Europe) Petty estimated the requirements and the costs with striking accuracy In the ... after all, the recoinage was carried out, and so on – there was no immediate stimulus to take the argument further Other, noneconomic, issues took center stage There were advances in the following ... encrease, there must arise a great superfluity from their labour beyond what suffices to maintain them They have no temptation, therefore, to encrease their skill and industry; since they cannot...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... activity by transmitting the total rent due to the proprietors of land for the current use of that factor The income thus provided will enable the proprietors to make the necessary purchases of ... except through the labour of the Cultivator but the cultivator has need of the Proprietor only by virtue of human conventions and the civil laws (Meek, p 128) Finally there are the artisans, ... approach to the study of political economy was through the examination of history and ethics The historical analysis is important in that he set out to explain the origins of the commercial stage The...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... had to be paid sufficient to prevent it being used for another crop The cost of the land did enter into the cost of production when where there were many agricultural products, rather than the ... designed his value theory to produce a theory of relative price, on the basis of adding up the per-unit costs of the labor, capital, and land inputs into production, the valuation of the inputs being ... lived in the British Isles They read the literary reviews of the day, and there was an active circulation of pamphlets They met at the Political Economy Club and in other societies such as the [Royal]...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... custom, and of pecuniary gain,* to tempt him to the common practice S J PEART 142 AND D M LEVY * [The law declares that the children of slaves are to follow the fortunes of the mother Hence the ... barrister Neither will the diminished profits of bricklayers, to pursue the profession of the bar, and by his competition reduce the gains of the profession to their proper level This may be the case, ... selection stops at the edge of sympathy is the beginning of the eugenics movement As Greg (1874) put it, sympathy blocked the “survival of the fittest,” and therefore these sentiments ought to be suppressed...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... fundamental to the economic relations themselves: first, the relationship between (a) the social layer or class that does the actual work and (b) the layer or class that has the power to live off the ... political, and historical By 1858 he planned to write six books The first of these came to completely occupy his mind and energies It grew to the three volumes of Capital that we now have, together with ... naive, in the end systematically theorized) is both the beginning and the end of the research A rough outline of this process from the empirical to the abstract to the concrete is found in one of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... prices of their products to the price of corn, the other industries would receive the same rate of profit Ricardo in the Principles then extended this theory and regarded labor as constituting the universal ... Mill insisted that, in the last instance, the agents of production are the commodities themselves” (Mill, 1844 [1826], p 165): (i) the food of the laborer; (ii) the tools and the machinery with ... PHYSICAL REAL COSTS TO QUANTITIES OF LABOR The move away from physical real costs and toward labor was first due to the fact that the relatively backward analytic tools at the disposal of the classical...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... it have to be run by the state? Would it be achieved by reform or revolution? These questions were to pose themselves over and over again, to every subsequent generation, right up to the present ... management to put them right (Meade, 1936; Robinson, 1943) In the United States, neoclassical theorists used the new analytic tools to outline an “economics of control” (Lerner, 1944) and to assert the ... inspiration to Japan, where workers received a significant proportion of their income in the form of annual bonuses related to their employer’s profits The marginal cost of labor, equal to the wage, was therefore...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... and the goals of the particular utopist author Correlative to the conventional criticism, one can say that the utopist authors failed to anticipate the opposition by the vested interests that their ... and of the possibilities of social change The conventional criticism of utopianism, and thereby the source of the pejorative use of the term, is that the utopist author is unrealistic as to how ... free-market utopia, the best-and-brightest utopia, the religious utopia, the Green utopia, and the technological utopia – and he offers his own “civilized egalitarian capitalist utopia.” 13.5...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... Have their desires always been the same; or the possibilities of production in order to meet them? How are desires related to one another? What are they likely to become? What are the limits to ... contemporary William Ashley took the notes from which Toynbee’s lectures were posthumously reconstructed Ashley took the historical route, contributing to the development of economic history in Britain, ... history of progress, the history of a constant movement of the public mind” (Kadish, 1986, p 105) His account of the Industrial Revolution linked the development of industrial history to the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... went on to make internationally applauded original contributions to the theory of capital and interest, to monetary theory and policy, and to the theory and practice of index-number making The intellectual ... program As they set out the Association’s overall purpose in the Constitution: 238 W J BARBER Its objects are, to aid the development of Social Science, and to guide the public mind to the best ... needed to inquire further into the particular “school” to which an aspiring professional belonged 15.8 “NEW SCHOOLERS” VERSUS “OLD SCHOOLERS” IN THE 1880S The battle lines between the rivals in the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... including mathematical analysis) The laws of economics were analogous to laws of the tides, not to the laws of physics, as represented by the law of gravitation They referred to tendencies and not to ... helping the lowest orders of society to gain access to the resources needed in order to enjoy a fruitful life Some of these concerns are visible in the pages of the Principles, especially in the ... indicated that the marginal productivity theory applied the principle that “we must go to the margin to study the action of those forces which govern the value of the whole” (Marshall, 1961 [1890],...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... is the doing of history, and the doing of (good) history requires a theoretical framework To that degree, Menger appears to have seen himself as extending the ability of the historicists to what ... goods their goods-character must therefore not be the needs of today, but the needs of the future, at the point when the production process is complete In other words, what makes them goods is the ... action in the marketplace and the social outcomes that they contribute to producing The issue of whether the causal connection or the need is real is irrelevant, argued later subjectivists, to the...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20