animal models of generalised anxiety the acou

... Cholecystokinin in Animal Models of Anxiety 26 The Neuroanatomy of Cholecystokinin Induced Anxiety in Animals 27 CHAPTER TWO – ANIMAL MODELS OF GENERALISED ANXIETY: THE ACOUSTIC STARTLE ... to be established as models of the condition itself, or of some aspects of the condition Face Validity: Face validity, in the case of animal models of anxiety, implies that the model produces a ... determine the face validity of any particular animal model of anxiety Whether the subjective experience underlying the anxiety- like reactions in animals within these models, are analogous to the subjective...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 17:12

... exploring the function of the CCM genes in animal models this gap is being CCM animal models bridged Animal models have demonstrated the central importance of endothelial cell–cell interactions in the ... exhibit the same phenotype as the heg mutant fish – that of the dilated heart covered by a single layer of myocardium The similarity of the phenotype in these nonsense alleles suggested that these ... has allowed the development of numerous experimental animal models, as discussed below Human phenotype Although humans are generally not considered in the category of animal models of disease,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 10:20

... likely that IC models mimic part of the RA pathology There is growing interest in the use of passive IC models, together with a range of transgenic knockouts, to identify Page of 10 (page number ... models such 10 11 12 13 14 The Scientific Basis of Rheumatology: A Decade of Progress This article is part of a special collection of reviews, The Scientific Basis of Rheumatology: A Decade of ... similar form of arthritis also developed in targeted mutant mice lacking the 3’ AU-rich elements, confirming the role of these elements in the maintenance of a physiological TNF response in the joint...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... investigation in animal models of arthritis This review focuses on the gene therapeutic strategies of restoring the cytokine balance and genetic synovectomy in animal models of RA, as summarized ... data) that the synovial transduction efficacy of AAV5 is far higher than that of AAV2 vectors, and thus the former is the vector of choice for future gene therapy trials The number of gene therapy ... using the drug-regulable expression system (teton/tet-off system) Tissue-specific expression elements either in front or downstream of the promoter must restrict the expression of the site of interest...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:24

... Arthritis Research & Therapy Vol 11 No Robinson same inbred strain of mouse, the universally studied BALB/c, which is the most susceptible to PGIA The goal of the research was to compare the incidence ... suboptimal doses of aggrecan, clearly revealing genetic drift in the colonies that affects the immune response and disease pathology In conclusion, the present report strengthens the validity of previous ... genetics of rheumatoid arthritis point to subclassification into distinct disease subsets Arthritis Res Ther 2008, 10:205 Holmdahl R: Dissection of the genetic complexity of arthritis using animal models...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:20

... Components of the Five Trial Arms The Prevention arm of the WebGAD study consists of five experimental conditions Three of these involve the provision of the active intervention, E-couch The two ... giving them an advantage over other programs The use of the internet in health has high acceptability, with over 38% of Americans reporting that the internet has helped the way they take care of their ... wish to continue using the program after the intervention period, they have the option of accessing it through the openaccess website Methods/Design Design of the WebGAD Trial The study is designed...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 16:22

... al., 2001) 1.4 Animal models of asthma Animal models of asthma have contributed abundantly to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma Accordingly, they are of great value ... IgE levels, the number of IgE receptors expressed on the surface of basophils, the clinical severity of asthma, the 23 frequency of exacerbations, and the corticosteroids requirements of patients ... Inhibitors of the Tyrosine kinase signaling cascade 1.3.1 Protein tyrosine kinases inhibitors Most of the PTK inhibitors reported to date block the activity of the kinase through direct inhibition of the...

Ngày tải lên: 15/09/2015, 22:09

... activation There were no studies on the effects of the intervention of these signaling pathways in animal models of asthma The purpose of my thesis was to investigate the antiinflammatory effects of ... just some of the lessons that I believe I will carry with me for the rest of my life • Professor Chua Kaw Yan and Professor Chang Chan Fong, who kindly provided me help and shared with me their experiences ... supports surround me all the time Duan Wei March 2004 ii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLE xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 17:11

... The killing of the fetus by means of an abortion, therefore, is justiWed as a sacriWce necessary for the survival, if not the good, of the greater whole The fetus must be sacriWced by the mother ... mother in order for the mother to be able to continue the nurturing of the other children already born Thus, rather than the mother nurturing the fourth child, the fourth child, the fetus, must be ... harmed the patient, even if the surgery saved the patient’s life In the case of pregnancy, if a woman consents to the eVects of the fetus, we have an example of the symbiotic ideal of mother and...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 08:20

... 2010 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2010 FEBS 1391 Animal models of Alzheimer’s disease O Philipson et al Transgenic animal models Models devoid of any disease-causing APP mutations Animal models ... be because of the high rate of synthesis and accumulation of Ab1-40 In Tg2576, more than fivefold overexpression of the human APP695 isoform with the Swedish mutation is generated by the prion ... the APP gene [3], although the majority of mutations were caused by genetic lesions in the presenilin (PS) genes, PS1 and PS2 The mutations either enhance the steady-state level of Ab, like the...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... introduced by the use of germ line p53 inactivation alters immune system function in a number of significant ways in these animals, limiting the use of these models for evaluating the effect of anti-tumor ... all three models, the use of glial specific promoters likely minimize the systemic effects of EGF-R overexpression on immune function However the dependence of EGF-R models on the use of cross ... these immunocompetent mice make this model an improvement over xenograft models for studying immunotherapy The much broader range of reagents, and the much smaller size of mice make testing therapies...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 15:20

... A nonexhaustive list includes the brain, the liver, the lungs, the muscle, the spleen, the lymph nodes, the pancreas, the mesenteries and the skin [24–28] Each of these preparations has unique ... experimental animal models through the expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-Tk) in cells of animals and then injecting the animals with 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-1-beta-Darabinofuranosyl-5-iodo-uracil ... period of time The HSV-Tk cells can then be located as long as they are not in organs like the bladder that accumulate FIAU as part of normal metabolism and excretion of the FIAU MRI of transferred...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:22

... inhibited the degradation of GAG in the FGF8-treated joints by 33% (P = 0.036) These data indicate that the injection of FGF8 causes degradation of the ECM of the articular cartilage and release of ... Injection of FGF8 into the rat knee joints promoted the release of S-GAG from cartilage into the synovial fluid Following injection of FGF8, the weight of the patella was reduced Further study ... accelerated the degradation of the ECM The participation of synovial inflammation in the progression of cartilage changes at the clinical stage of OA is becoming increasingly obvious [1] A number of clinical...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:23

... major adverse effects were observed after injection of 2% carrageenan in the right paw of the mice All the animals stayed alive until the end of the experiment Cytometric Beads Array Peripheral ... accommodation and care of animals were in accordance with the provisions of EEC Council Directive 86/609 Animals were allowed to acclimate for week before the beginning of the experiments All behavioral ... Cytometric beads Array (CBA) At the end of both inflammatory models, a panel of cytokines was analyzed in blood At sacrifice whole blood was collected from the heart of the animals and plasma was obtained...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 03:20

... calculated: the total score is the average of all 25 Page of 14 items; the anxiety score is the average of the 10 anxiety items; while the depression score is the average of the 15 depression items The ... for the higher order models) ; (v) the bifactor versions (especially of the twofactor first order models) had the best fit indices, including the lowest AIC values The bifactor version of the ... (Table 3) The summed scores of the cognitive factors of the twofactor models had significantly higher correlations with the depression score of the HSCL-25 (r: 0.66-0.70) than with the HSCL-25 anxiety...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 16:22

... userfriendly to the experimentalist Animal models that may be of great benefit to the study of the mechanisms involved in the development of COPD were described The importance of animal and strain ... to 12 months in some species) and the importance of the choice of animal and strain Of people who smoke 15–20% develop COPD, and the lesions produced in these models are similar to those observed ... similar measurements in the mouse This will be a significant step forward in the assessment of these models, not least because many groups are using the mouse as their animal of choice As mentioned...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:20

... [1] Animal models of Wilson's disease The LEC rat [36] and the toxic milk mouse are the only known valid animal models of Wilson's disease [11,37] Animal models of Wilson's disease – LEC rat The ... [36,54,62] While the serum levels of ceruloplasmin remain reduced all the time [60], the copper concentration in serum increases mainly after the onset of jaundice [63] About half of the animals die ... to the knowledge of the pathogenesis of copper-associated diseases This re- view demonstrates that there are numerous spontaneous animal models of copper-associated liver diseases Based on the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 13:20

... height 14.5 cm) The floor and the side walls of the apparatus were made of grey plexiglass The apparatus was mounted on a plexiglas base, raising it 40 cm above the floor The behavior of mice was ... plus-maze The time spent on the open arms was expressed as percentage of the total session time (300 s) Five rats with the longest open arm times were used as the low anxiety group and rats with the ... mice in the elevated plus-maze Figure 7-6 The anxiogenic effect of CCK4 in the elevated plus-maze was blocked by CCK2 receptor antagonist CR2945 Figure 7-7 The anxiogenic effect of CCK4 in the elevated...

Ngày tải lên: 17/09/2015, 17:20

... Introduction The discovery of benzodiazepines (BZs) in the early sixties and their considerable commercial success in the treatment of anxiety have fueled the development of numerous animal models of anxiety ... in the rat forebrain (the central part of the medial preoptic nucleus, the encapsulated part of the Chapter 1: Introduction bed nucleus of the stria terminals, and the posterodorsal part of the ... relative to the 5-HT neurons where they play the role of both 5-HT autoreceptors and 5-HT heteroreceptors The former control the release of 5-HT while the latter control the release of non-serotonin...

Ngày tải lên: 17/09/2015, 17:20

... Pharmacology of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors 28 29 4.3 CRF-binding protein 30 4.4 Role of the CRF system in anxiety 31 4.4.1 CRF and anxiety 31 4.4.2 Role of CRF1 receptors in anxiety 33 4.4.3 Role of CRF2 ... of CRF2 receptors in anxiety 35 Table of Contents 4.5 Role of the CRF system in memory and learning Animal Models vi 37 39 5.1 Introduction 39 5.2 Validity criteria of an animal model 40 5.3 Elevated ... animal model of anxiety Two groups of rat: high- and low -anxiety, were chosen from 88 SD rats according to the percentage of time spent in the open arms After RT-PCR amplification of CCK2 and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/09/2015, 17:20