animal models of drug addiction

... 1391 Animal models of Alzheimer’s disease O Philipson et al Transgenic animal models Models devoid of any disease-causing APP mutations Animal models expressing wild-type (wt) human APP are of ... aggregation in transgenic models and post mortem AD brain are poor natural animal models of AD, but intracerebroventricular infusion of Ab [15] or lipopolysaccharide in such animals has been used ... evidence of therapeutic efficacy Knowledge of the pathway one intends to target and the pharmacological mechanism of the drug are equally important In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of the drug should...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... not considered in the category of animal models of disease, one can view the field of human genetics as probing a vast natural mutagenesis screen involving billions of individual organisms As in ... to developing animal models of CCM disease Classically, a CCM consists of a cluster of dilated blood vessels [12,13] Each vessel in the cluster is grossly dilated, earning the name of a cavern; ... This minireview explores the contributions of animal models to bridge this gap and add to our growing understanding of CCM pathophysiology Conservation of CCM genes The genes responsible for CCM...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 10:20

... by the use of germ line p53 inactivation alters immune system function in a number of significant ways in these animals, limiting the use of these models for evaluating the effect of anti-tumor ... function of specific genes of interest and thus exploit defined genetic lesions to produce more biologically correct models of CNS cancers that result from activation and/or inactivation of endogenous ... critical immunologic functions Specific to the current discussion of the immune system, Table 1: A summary of existing animal models of brain tumors Tumorigenesis Method Implantation Genetic Technique...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 15:20

... experimental animal models through the expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-Tk) in cells of animals and then injecting the animals with 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-1-beta-Darabinofuranosyl-5-iodo-uracil ... of formation of the immunological synapse, a specific supramolecular pattern of receptors involved in immune cell communication, in vivo [42,43] Two-photon microscopy One of the limitations of ... combination of molecular genetics and noninvasive imaging: the presence of the HSV-Tk gene can mark a specific cell population in a spe- cific state of activation based on the activity of the promoter...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:22

... the cytokine balance and genetic synovectomy in animal models of RA, as summarized in Figs and Restoring the cytokine balance 184 In animal models of arthritis it has long been recognized that ... independently in animal models of arthritis Recent human trials of IL-1Ra revealed moderate efficacy, probably because of poor pharmacokinetics and the 100- to 1000-fold excess of this molecule ... leucocytes in RA and animal models of arthritis Okamoto and coworkers [72] showed that FasL is capable of Fas-mediated apoptosis of human RA synoviocytes Adenoviral gene transfer of TRAIL into rabbit...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:24

... varying patterns of expression [14] Extracellular domains of FGFRs consist of three immunoglobulin-like loops (loop I, loop II, and loop III) Alternative mRNA splicing of loop III of FGFR1 to FGFR3 ... antiinflammatory drugs and hyaluronic acid, but these drugs not prevent the development and progression of OA The purpose of the present study was to examine whether FGF8 is involved in the destruction of ... FGF8f specifically out of the four human FGF8 isoforms, and showed little binding to other members of the FGF family Neutralizing activity of KM1334 was shown by the blocking of FGF8b binding to...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:23

... to determine expression patterns of a panel of relevant genes in a large number of distinct colonies of the susceptible mouse strain BALB/c Although induction of disease by the usual immunisation ... R: Dissection of the genetic complexity of arthritis using animal models Immunol Lett 2005, 103:86-91 Rosenthal N, Brown S: The mouse ascending: perspectives for human-disease models Nat Cell ... strengthens the validity of previous studies of the PGIA model in different laboratories, and throws down the gauntlet as a challenge to research groups that use inbred strains of mice as models for other...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:20

... likely that IC models mimic part of the RA pathology There is growing interest in the use of passive IC models, together with a range of transgenic knockouts, to identify Page of 10 (page number ... 14 The Scientific Basis of Rheumatology: A Decade of Progress This article is part of a special collection of reviews, The Scientific Basis of Rheumatology: A Decade of Progress, published to ... identification of its role in subgroups of RA with a distinct T cell signature Increasing support for a pathogenic role of autoantibodies in RA has shifted the interest of researchers to passive IC models...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 14:22

... end of both inflammatory models, a panel of cytokines was analyzed in blood At sacrifice whole blood was collected from the heart of the animals and plasma was obtained by centrifugation 25 μl of ... accommodation and care of animals were in accordance with the provisions of EEC Council Directive 86/609 Animals were allowed to acclimate for week before the beginning of the experiments All ... right paws were used as reaction index for the individual animal A cut-off of 25 seconds was used to avoid tissue damage in case of absence of response Automated Von Frey test Mechanical allodynia...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 03:20

... presence of the drug With an absence of the drug, withdrawal symptoms are experienced as the brain attempts to deal with the chemical changes There are believed to be evolutionary origins of drug addiction, ... pathway Drug addiction may initially cause and then further proceed to exacerbate "reward deficiency syndrome." Another theory of drug addiction, the "drugs for reward" theory, states that addiction ... criminalization of drug use and addiction throughout world In general, social drug policies have been conservative and unyielding Most often, addicts are left to feed their addiction through illegal means of...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 20:20

... userfriendly to the experimentalist Animal models that may be of great benefit to the study of the mechanisms involved in the development of COPD were described The importance of animal and strain selection ... develop drugs for the treatment of COPD Mechanistic models that mimic certain aspects of the disease are widely used in drug development to identify and optimize candidate compounds Models that ... antielastase and lack of sensitivity to oxidants) Conclusion It was evident from this meeting that a great deal of effort is going on worldwide to produce animal models of COPD Page of (page number...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:20

... The LEC rat [36] and the toxic milk mouse are the only known valid animal models of Wilson's disease [11,37] Animal models of Wilson's disease – LEC rat The LEC rat with a hooded dilute agouti ... analysis of liver tissue [51,52] Liver disease may mimic various forms of common liver conditions, ranging from fulminant hepatic failure, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis [1] Animal models of Wilson's ... levels of ceruloplasmin remain reduced all the time [60], the copper concentration in serum increases mainly after the onset of jaundice [63] About half of the animals die within a week of the...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 13:20

... al., 2001) 1.4 Animal models of asthma Animal models of asthma have contributed abundantly to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma Accordingly, they are of great value ... levels, the number of IgE receptors expressed on the surface of basophils, the clinical severity of asthma, the 23 frequency of exacerbations, and the corticosteroids requirements of patients with ... effects of anti-IgE are uncertain (Chang, 2000) Inhibition of cytokines (e.g IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) is a promising way of obtaining efficacious drugs for asthma There are several potential ways of...

Ngày tải lên: 15/09/2015, 22:09

... studies on the effects of the intervention of these signaling pathways in animal models of asthma The purpose of my thesis was to investigate the antiinflammatory effects of genistein, a broad-spectrum ... TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLE xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE PAPERS xv SUMMARY xvii INTRODUCTION 1.1 Asthma 1.1.1 Pathophysiology of ... Effects of U0126 on cytokine levels in BAL fluid 97 5.1.4 Effects of U0126 on serum immunoglobulin levels 97 5.1.5 Effects of U0126 on the expression of VCAM-1 in lung tissues 103 5.1.6 Effects of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 17:11

... professor of the University of Texas, whose comments and suggestions were of inestimable value for our study using GC-A knockout mice, to Professor Misono of the University of Nevada School of ... regulation of blood pressure Overall, these results show the significance of the endogenous natriuretic peptide system in the maintenance of normal blood pressure Regulation of blood volume Infusion of ... Phenotypes of the genetically engineered animals for the natriuretic peptide system Severe dwarfism: impaired endochondral ossification; impaired nociceptive neurons [62] Lack of bifurcation of sensory...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 23:20

... Modulation of CNS complement activation in experimental animal models of AD, both by treatment with complement-inhibiting drugs and by generation of AD-type pathology in complement-deficient animals, ... a greater understanding of the role of this process in the development of AD-type pathology Unfortunately, knowledge of the extent of complement activation in animal models is lacking This paper ... criteria for an optimal animal model to study this issue, (b) present knowledge about complement activation in animal models of AD, and (c) additional animal models which offer alternatives for...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... new resources, mapping in animals could approach the speed of mapping in humans while retaining the advantages of animal experiments Relevance of findings made in animal models It is sometimes argued ... modifications of animals With emerging knowledge of the major genes that underlie human disease and improved animal models, it seems straightforward to investigate the in vivo function of these genes ... understand these genetic regions Animal models and their relevance to rheumatoid arthritis The value of mapping in animals is dependent on there being good models of human diseases In this review...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 01:22

... adaptive parts of the immune system that might be an interesting target for the immunotherapy of inflammatory autoimmune diseases [26,27] Role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of RA Regulation of IL-17 ... The role of IL-17 and family members in the pathogenesis of arthritis Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2003, 4:572-577 39 Nakae S, Nambu A, Sudo K, Iwakura Y: Suppression of immune induction of collagen-induced ... overview of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in relation to other key cytokines in the pathogenesis of arthritis RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; TNF, tumor necrosis factor inactivation of IL-17...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 06:22

... Merino J, Merino R, Joosten LA: Absence of citrulline-specific autoantibodies in animal models of autoimmunity Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:2370-2372 Page of (page number not for citation purposes) ... convincing murine model of RA is that of the recently reported DR4-IE transgenic mouse immunised with citrullinated fibrinogen [9] The impressive, though often uncontrolled, array of data that arises ... of the answers in the future Now that we know more about the citrullinated antigens associated with the anti-CCP response and the requirement for specific MHC alleles, the use of transgenic animals...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 13:22

... methods of analysis of selection experiments, essentially based on least-square estimators (see [8]), new methods based on mixed models were developed from then Moving from sire models to animal models ... decreasing function of the degree of overlap between generations, or of the degree of connectedness of the data Obviously, when generations not overlap the situation is that of design 1, with no ... estimates of trend are just multiples of the selection differentials&dquo; By considering simple one-generation designs, analytical expressions of the weight of S in the estimation of R can be...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21