and nanostructuring by electron beam approaches and electrochemical reactions

... protons, and energy Water transport inside the porous gas diffusion layer and catalyst layer is described by two physical mechanisms: viscous drag and capillary pressure forces, and is described by ... fuel and air, and the side walls For planar shape design, there is a gradient into the land areas where electrons flow into the bipolar plate The distributions exhibit gradients in both x and ... able to: (1) understand the many interacting, complex electrochemical and transport phenomena that cannot be studied experimentally; (2) identify limiting steps and components; and (3) provide a...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 14:58

... brackets Both CL and TEM gave 160 nm for InGaP, 360 nm for AlGaAs and 10 ± nm for QW They were analysed by spectroscopic CL and TEM CL was done at temperatures of 300 and 77 K in an electronprobe ... that [In] and [P] decrease by moving away from InGaP, i.e by going deeper into the nominal GaAs QW, while [Ga] and [As] increase The stoichiometry of the sublayers and as determined by STEM-HAADF ... interface modifications and composition Results and discussion Different electron beam energies were used to check the in-depth distribution of the layers In the CL spectra at 77 K, bands corresponding...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... the development and optimization of micro fuel cells, improve long-term performance and lifetime, the introduction of cheaper materials and fabrication techniques, and the design and development ... transport phenomena and electrochemical reactions in a tubular-shaped PEM fuel cell Int J of Energy and Environment, 2013; 4(1), 1-26 [17] Fuller, E.N., Schettler, P.D., and Giddings, J.C A new ... Energy and Environment, 2012; 3(2), 161-180 [20] Maher A.R Sadiq Al-Baghdadi Analysis of Transport Phenomena and Electrochemical Reactions in a Micro PEM Fuel Cell International Journal of Energy and...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 10:17

... CAD Discovered by Hart [11], this modification is found on proteins in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, is added and removed by transferase and O-GlcNAcase enzymes, respectively, and often occurs ... are assigned as c¢38+5 and z¢Æ67+5, respectively Sequence coverage of Rev provided by ions of type c¢ and z¢Æ is indicated by solid and dashed lines, respectively, above and below the sequence ... peptides and proteins N D Udeshi et al dimethylation of Arg, monomethylation, dimethylation and trimethylation of Lys, acetylation and ubiquitination of Lys, and phosphorylation of Ser and Thr...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 16:20

... substrates by molecularbeam epitaxy Appl Phys Lett 2004, 84:4968 22 Sivakov V, Heyroth F, Falk F, Andra G, Christiansen S: Silicon nanowire growth by electron beam evaporation: kinetic and energetic ... layers grown by evaporation, and the duration of the evaporation, by considering the different densities of Si and Ge 2D layers grown by EBE Differences between Si and Ge are very impressive In ... the growth of Si and Ge NWs It is demonstrated that they grow in different regimes of temperatures and fluences, despite Si and Ge having the same structure, and despite Si-Au and Ge-Au phase...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 05:20

... on the GaAs(211)A and GaAs(111)B substrates From the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of different samples, we plot the length-radius curves and fit them by theoretical dependences ... term in the right hand side of Eq gives two diffusion-induced contributions, one originating from the adatoms impinging the sidewalls and migrating to the drop and another caused by the adatoms that ... be fitted by four parameters, two diffusion lengths ks, kf and two supersaturations hfl, hsl At L/kf ( and ks/kf ( 1, the dependence on kf disappears The non-vanishing terms at L/kf ? and ks/kf...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 17:20

... achievable island shapes, sizes, and ordering [19, 20] The electronic levels are, in turn, determined by the QD shape and size: the correlation between design parameters, electronic structure, and optical ... InAs and GaAs were 0.067 and ML/s, respectively, and the As/Ga beam flux equivalent pressure as measured by an ion gauge was 12:1 Figure shows AFM images (1 lm · lm) of samples of series S and ... orientation-dependent because (i) interband transitions involve both the valence band (which depends strongly on crystallographic orientation) and the conduction band (which is hardly affected by it), (ii) growth...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... finely divided and reactive ground precursors to prepare both 3BS and 4BS powders In this paper will be discussed: Ži the new synthesis route for 3BS and 4BS phases and the morphological and textural ... Žmixtures of a- and b-PbO., commercial PROLABO lead sulfate, and pure PbO P PbSO4 prepared by reaction of 5.62 g PbO with 3.01 g H SO4 and 172 g H O at room temperature Scanning electron microscopy ... characterizing ground 3BS and 4BS samples and standard materials Compounds Capacity measurements As seen above, reactive grinding showed to be a powerful and new method for producing 3BS and 4BS with specific...

Ngày tải lên: 05/07/2014, 21:20

... (b) FIB, and (c) electron beam writing This figure shows schematically the difference between these three techniques The p -beam trajectories were simulated using SRIM[41] while the e -beam trajectories ... boundary as the width and height of the core is varied 122 Figure 7.6 (a) and (b) simulated structure and their corresponding fundamental TE and TM modes for × 1015 and × 1015/cm2 ... dB/cm in slab waveguides and from 15 to20 dB/cm in rib waveguides In the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, two methods, including Separation by IMplantated OXygen (SIMOX) and Bond and Etch-back SOI (BESOI),...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:21

... of the single-chain antibody and the antigen, checked by MALDI-ToF mass spectroscopy, were 20 and 64 kDa, respectively Antigen and Sc-Fv Ab were produced and purified by Wyeth Company (UK) The 3-(N-hydroxyphthalimidyl ... characterized by various techniques: FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SPR and electrochemical measurement 3.1 Electrochemical deposition of the copoly(py–pyNHP) film The copolymer formed by the ... pyrrole(PyNHP) as linker Polypyrrole is characterized by bands at 1631, 1564 and 1475 cm–1 , corresponding to C C stretching vibrations, and broad bands at 1182 and 1134 cm−1 may be assigned to N–C stretching...

Ngày tải lên: 13/09/2015, 18:05

... electronic band structure of GaAs is shown in figure 1.2 From the band structure, the smallest bandgap between the valence band and conduction band occurs at the Γ point making it a direct bandgap ... (a) band-to-band transition, (b) free electron- to-acceptor transition, (c) free holeto-donor transition, and (d) donor-acceptor pair transition EV is the valence band, EC is the conduction band, ... wetting layer and a 3D island Stranski-Krastanov growth of QDs Self-assembled QDs are mainly grown by the Stranski-Krastanov (SK) growth mode [14] characterized by both 2D layer and 3D island growth...

Ngày tải lên: 30/09/2015, 06:04

... and describe the dynamics of a plasma by velocity distributions1 or by the help of hydrodynamics Here, the plasma is handled like a fluid and described by parameters of density, temperature and ... phase shift and β the absorption of an electromagnetic wave traveling through matter Values of f10 and f20 , and thus for δ and β at SXR and EUV wavelengths were systematically measured by Henke ... the deflection angle and therefore on the closest distance between electron and ion The emitted spectrum is a broad band of frequencies determined by the distribution of electron velocities Continuous...

Ngày tải lên: 25/11/2015, 15:14

... C+ Amatore A Jutand and L Mottier, J Electroanal (;hem,, 1991,306, 125+ [501 Electrochemical reactions: C P+ Andrieux and J,+M Savdant in Investigation of Rates and Mechanisms of Reactions (C+ ... solvated electrons, solvated protons and radicals [64] Solvated electrons are also obtained by irradiation of the aprotic amide solvents [65] frequently used in organic electrochemistry and by fine ... detected and in some cases their decay tollowed by spectroscopy Spectra of 22 ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION AND REDUCTION radical-cations and radical-anions have been obtained in this way [56, 57] and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/04/2014, 11:20

... 25 mV; Estep, mV; f, 50 Hz; scan range, -1.2–0 V Results and Discussion Typical scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the assynthesized products ... on the other side of the AAO Preparation and Analytical Procedure A potential of -1.5 V was applied between cathode and anode The pulse time was 0.4 ms and the time between pulses was 0.8 ms After ... fabricated by pulsed electrodeposition The Bi nanowires embedded in anodic alumina membrane (AAM), and gradually, the nanowires began to grow out of the AAM High filling, ordered, and uniform...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 00:20

... outer orbital shell, two in the s shell, and one in the 3p shell The ionization energy of the 3p electron is 574.5 kJ molÀ1 and that of the s electrons is 1800 and 2730 kJ molÀ1, respectively In general, ... and aluminum iodide (AlI3), are prepared from reactions of aluminum with halogens; they are dimeric in both liquid and vapor states, and have a bridge-like structure with fairly low melting and ... cell in order to reduce the nonelectrochemical reactions between hydrogen peroxide and the aluminum anode The catholyte and anolyte compartments are separated by an Ir/Pd modified porous nickel...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 13/11/2014, 16:04

... atoms function as electron donors and the free-charge carriers are free electrons Band diagrams for p-type and n-type semiconductor diamond are illustrated in Figure 1.2 Figure 1.2 Band diagram for ... either (i) by excitation of surface states lying just below the Fermi energy up to the conduction band followed by ejection of an electron 12 into liquid phase, or (ii) by direct ejection of electrons ... wavelengths In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), images of the samples are obtained by scanning the surface with a high energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern An electron beam is thermionically...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:38

... band appearing at 1582 cm-1, the D band [23, 24] at about 1350 cm -1, the D’-band at about 1620 cm-1 and the G’ band at about 2700 cm-1 as measured under laser excitation of 514nm[37] The G band ... the sample contains sp2 carbon networks The D and D’ bands are defect-induced Raman features, and the integrated intensity ratio for the D band and G band is widely used for characterizing the defect ... the substrate in the two-electrode configuration by electron beam lithography Current-voltage behaviour of the sample could be measured and the electronic properties related could be calculated...

Ngày tải lên: 07/10/2015, 10:10

... 1.00 L mol   3.00   L   Check: since the solution is diluted by a factor of 5, the volume should increase by a factor of 5, and it does Solution Stoichiometry • since molarity relates the ... ion is attracted to the surrounding water molecules and pulled off and away from the crystal When it enters the solution, the ion is surrounded by water molecules, insulating it from other ions ... McGraw Hill O + H H O + O H H 11 Limiting and Excess Reactants in the Combustion of Methane CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) • If we have molecules of CH4 and molecules of O2, which is the limiting...

Ngày tải lên: 28/11/2013, 01:11

... contribution of Met1, and Met23 substituted for Leu, Fig Comparison of the cyclization reaction as a function of temperature and pH (A), (B) and (C): (d), (s) and (.) correspond to pH 2.5, 8.0 and 11.5, ... diminished the Tm by °C and the DGU by 3.5 kJÆmol)1, whereas substitution of methionine with leucine at position 23 diminished the midpoint of the thermal denaturation curve (Tm) by °C and the free ... Materials and methods expression was induced by the addition of isopropyl thio-bD-galactoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 1.0 mM After h, the cells were collected by centrifugation, and the...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 12:20