and lower middle income countries but remain high

... distinguishing lower income and middle- income countries Middle- income countries are further subdivided into lower middle and upper middle, and categorization depends on a country’s gross national income ... 4% in low -income countries, 2% in lower middle- income countries and less than 1% in upper middle- income countries As shown in Figure 4, population-based measures that address tobacco and harmful ... of Illness and Value of a Statistical Life), and provides results for high -income countries as well Figure 2: Cumulative NCD loss, beginning in 2011 Total, low and middle income Low income Lost...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... to expand access in low and middle income countries Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries Closing the Cancer Divide: A Blueprint to Expand Access ... borne in low and middle income countries; the economic consequences of inaction, and the gains in productivity and income that follow from effective cancer prevention and treatment; and the inequity ... to deliver effective, high quality care even in relatively poor countries This report dispels every excuse for inaction against cancer in low and middle income countries, and it makes a powerful...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 00:20

... low- and middle- income countries low -income countries lower- middle- income countries middle- income countries nongovernmental organization primary health care WHO South-East Asia Region upper -middle- income ... selected low- and middle- income countries: a WHO-AIMS cross-national analysis WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Mental health systems in selected low- and middle- income countries: a ... period but did not complete it Table 1.2 shows the participating countries by WHO region and by income group level As indicated in the table, 13 are low -income countries (LICs), 24 are lower- middle- income...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 01:20

... of high income countries (HICs), whereas information is available only for 10% of low and middle income countries (LMICs) (1) The impact of maternal mental health problems on infants in high income ... constrained settings Data for low and lower middle income countries Presentation at the Meeting on Maternal Mental Health and Child Health and Development in Low Income Countries, World Health Organization, ... health and child health and development in low and middle income countries Report of the WHO-UNFPA meeting held in Geneva, Switzerland 30 January - February, 2008 Department of Mental Health and...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 09:20

... of 590 HIV-uninfected and 844 HIVinfected individuals Study Characteristics Of the total studies, (26%) were from low -income countries and 20 (74%) were from middle- income countries Fourteen Downloaded ... results in low- and middle- income countries; this has consequences for patients in terms of morbidity and mortality Although high- quality data were limited, sensitivity of both IGRAs was lower among ... adults living in low- and middle- income countries These data should help inform evidence-based policies on the role of IGRAs in active tuberculosis diagnosis in low- and middle- income settings Indeed,...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 18:20

... relevant mental health research from low- and middle- income countries • Educate editors and reviewers on research needs of and research infrastructure in LAMI countries; • Use surveys of various stakeholders ... journals from low- and middle- income countries A major impediment in accessing mental health research from LAMI countries is the lack of visibility of journals published in these countries Most of ... reviewers and correspondents with a special interest and expertise in LAMI countries on editorial boards; • Accept a higher proportion of submissions from LAMI countries for review; and http://www.general-hospital-psychiatry.com/content/3/1/5...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 20:23

... between the distribution of doctors and injuries (Figures and 2) [6,7] In comparison to the high income countries little research is published from low- and middle income countries Roy and co-workers ... occur in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC) [3] Injuries from road traffic accidents, interpersonal violence, and war are among the leading causes of death in low- and middle- income countries ... Abstract Trauma is a major – and increasing – cause of death, especially in low- and middle income countries In all countries rural areas are especially hard hit, and the distribution of physicians is...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 23:20

... significantly from these levels High levels of domestic debt that are more prevalent than high levels of PNG external debt in low income countries are difficult to handle in DSAs because there are ... is made in the DSF of IMF lending to low income countries which correspond to the IDA eligible countries These countries can access the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility up to 140 percent of ... attempts to classify countries based on the performance of their institutions and policies and determine thresholds for selected debt indicators for each country grouping and then estimate the...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... Sustainability in Low Income Countries: Proposal for an Operational Framework and Policy Implications by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, IMF and IDA, February 3, 2004 Debt Sustainability and Financing ... balance and payments and budgets, the mix of loans and grants in its future financing arrangements, and the build-up of its repayment capacity relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export and ... foreign and domestic, public and publicly guaranteed, private non-guaranteed, including both short- and long-term debt, without compromising its long-term development goals and objectives Countries...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... for such countries to experience debt distress at lower debt ratios than those with a strong environment This is because of the greater probability of “misuse and mismanagement of funds” and the ... debt distress and the debt thresholds for the chosen indicators are policy decisions that need to be made Footnote 19 in “Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, ... Ibid footnote 11 As stated in the Framework paper, low income countries are more prone to exogenous shocks than other developing countries, and the impact of shocks more prolonged as judged by...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... resources, safety nets; and poverty monitoring and analysis; and • Public sector management and institutions, including property rights and rule-based governance; quality of budgetary and financial management; ... policy and foreign exchange regime; financial stability and depth; banking sector efficiency and resource mobilization; competitive environment for the private sector; factor and product markets; and ... for low -income countries that includes “need” (income per capita) and “performance.” For the fiscal years 2003 to 2005, the Bank made resource allocations that were nearly five times higher for...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... operate but has some shortcomings Equity considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels ... allocation as grants and the balance as credits As in the case of high risk countries, if the country concerned is a blend country, the loan component will be offered on credit terms Countries Ibid ... within the IDA country allocations that have been determined Countries that are judged to be high risk, based on the DSAs using current and projected debt levels that take account of exogenous shocks...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... operate but has some shortcomings Equity considerations raise questions of why countries with similar institutional and policy performance as judged by the CPIA and similar per capita income levels ... allocation as grants and the balance as credits As in the case of high risk countries, if the country concerned is a blend country, the loan component will be offered on credit terms Countries that ... within the IDA country allocations that have been determined Countries that are judged to be high risk, based on the DSAs using current and projected debt levels that take account of exogenous shocks...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... should also be estimated for all low income countries The PBA System Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries: Further Consideration on an Operational Framework and Policy Implications, IDA/SecM ... international level and or each Consultative Group 61 No mention is made in the DSF of IMF lending to low income countries which correspond to the IDA eligible countries These countries can access ... which is probably the case for most low income countries - should estimate the ratios of their international reserves to imports of goods and services and monitor the reserve level when this...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... international community, in general, and IDA, in particular, to allocate credits and grants to low -income countries in ways that foster debt sustainability and achievement of the MDGs Recommendations ... would be countries that are large or not depend heavily on external financing, and can take an independent stand Such countries, like China, often borrow significant sums from the IFIs but lack ... Conclusions and Recommendations 59 The framework summarized in the paper starts with a grouping of all low income countries in accordance with the performance of institutions and effectiveness...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... single year from its earnings from goods and non-factor services c) Public debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio compares the total of domestic and external outstanding to the size of the economy Present ... proportion of exports of goods and non- factor services that are absorbed for debt service payments on both long and short-term debt Debt Burden Ratios a) The total debt outstanding to GDP or GNI ratio ... GNI ratio compares the amount of disbursed debt outstanding to the size of the economy b) The total debt outstanding to exports of goods and non-factor services ratio measures the ability of...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... efficiency of markets for land, labor and goods Countries with high scores limit any controls or subsidies on prices, wages, land or labor Remaining controls are consistently applied and explicitly justified ... entry and banks’ total capital to assets ratio less than 8% Countries with high scores have diversified and competitive financial sectors that include insurance, equity and debt finance and non-bank ... decisions and are accountable for results and adhering to budget • Transparency Accountability and corruption in the public sector In countries with high scores, the reasons for decisions, and their...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... into high (score above mean value) and low (score below mean value) knowledge of PTB Similarly, scores were generated for the four subscales of knowledge of PTB and categorized into high and low ... proportionally distributed The required number of participants (husband or wife) was selected using systematic random sampling from each kebele using these lists Structured and some open-ended ... http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/187 income countries [5] Factors such as HIV/AIDS, smoking and malnutrition have been identified as substantial contributors to the epidemiological burden of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 04:20

... divided into three parts (the first, middle and last thirds), and the position of the needle is hereafter used as an indication of injection depth Lower eyelid wrinkles Lower eyelid wrinkles are usually ... point at the jaw line and go down every cm until at least the middle part of the bands V-shape technique Superficially intramuscular and perpendicular injections to the middle ⁄ of the needle ... below the lower eyelid border Injection site Table Consensus recommendations on the injection points, dose and technique for common indications of BoNT-A (Speywood Unit) on the middle and lower face,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 17:20

... strengthening health leadership and management in low -income countries 12 Output Recommendations on actions to further strengthen health leadership and management in low -income countries 13 ANNEXES ... recommendations on actions (for WHO and others) to further strengthen health leadership and management in low -income countries Although the specific focus was on low -income countries, the consultation ... current thinking on, and future action points for, strengthening leadership and management in low -income countries Output A leadership and management framework Leadership and management are complex...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 14:20