... This would prevent the colonisation ofthe nasopharynx and subsequently limit the spread of pneumococci from the upper to the lower respiratorytract by enhancing clearance via the mucocilliary ... alveolar epithelium Elimination of these SP-D functions could explain the colonisation ofthe trachea and nasopharynx, the decreased pneumococcal clearance from lungs andthe early onset of pneumococcal ... the process of investigating these questions In summary, the absence of lung surfactant protein D increases the persistence of pneumococcal colonisation and infection in the upper and lower respiratory...
... understanding oftheanatomyand function ofthe ear andthe auditory nervous system, and it discusses the cause and treatment of hearing disorders Most books on hearing focus either on theanatomy ... accumulated about the function ofthe cochlea than of any other sensory organ C H A P T E R Anatomyofthe Ear ABSTRACT 10 The ear consists ofthe outer ear, the middle ear andthe inner ear The outer ... to find original work on the different subjects Understanding oftheanatomyandthe function ofthe auditory system together with knowledge about the pathophysiology ofthe auditory system are...
... at the entrance ofthe ear canal compared with the sound pressure that is measured in the place ofthe head The effect ofthe head on the sound at the entrance ofthe ear canal is related to the ... ratio between the effective area ofthe tympanic membrane andthe area ofthe stapes footplate, but the lever ratio ofthe middle ear bones also contributes The ratio of areas ofthe BOX 2.2 SOUND ... remarkable in the light ofthe FIGURE 2.12 (A) Average displacements ofthe umbo, the head ofthe stapes andthe lenticular process ofthe incus (B) The lever ratio at 124 dB SPL at the tympanic...
... in the ventral parts ofthe MGB ofthe thalamus, the nonclassical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medial division ofthe MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] These divisions ofthe MGB receive their ... near the frequency of a formant will show a periodic pattern with the frequency ofthe formant The spectra of these histograms show harmonics ofthe fundamental frequency ofthe vowel andthe ... between the classical andthe non-classical routes andthe lateral nucleus ofthe amygdala (AL), showing the “high route” andthe “low route” Connections between the basolateral (ABL) andthe central...
... The caudal portion ofthe floor ofthe lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface ofthe dorsal cochlear nucleus andthe rostral portion ofthe floor ofthe lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... difference between the latency ofthe N1 ofthe AP and that ofthe response from the intracranial portion ofthe auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the recording ... the latency ofthe first peak in the dipole andthe length is the relative strength ofthe dipoles Note the short distance between the two first dipoles (peak I and II ofthe ABR) andthe third...
... components of broad band sounds will elicit contractions ofthe stapedius muscle when the intensities of these components are above the threshold ofthe reflex and that will cause attenuation of low ... muscle contraction decreases the input to the cochlea and thereby decreases the contraction ofthe stapedius muscle, and that in turn causes the input to the cochlea to again increase, and that ... latency ofthe response to 1.5 kHz tones is shorter than the response to 0.5 kHz tones [182] The latency ofthe ipsilateral andthe contralateral responses are similar The latency ofthe change in the...
... increase the sensitivity and frequency selectivity ofthe ear (cf Chapter 3) The widening ofthe tuning ofthe basilar membrane broadens the “slices” ofthe spectrum of broad band sounds from which the ... noninvasively The outcome ofthe test depends on fine details oftheanatomyofthe stapes and its suspension in the oval window, the incudo-stapedial joint andthe orientation of its plane surface ... perpendicular to the surface ofthe flat portion ofthe incudo-stapedial joint and that does not cause any movement ofthe incus and thus no displacement ofthe tympanic membrane If the pressure in the perilymphatic...
... corresponding to the F1 frequency andthe other corresponding to the frequency of F2 The rate ofthe impulses is that of F0 for voiced sounds, and a quasi-random rate (average of 100 pps) for ... determined on the basis ofthe output of 16 band-pass filters The output ofthe six band-pass filters with the largest amplitudes is coded in the impulses that are applied to the electrodes in the cochlea ... range of sound intensities [58] The number of channels that are required depends on the resolution of coding ofthe intensity of sounds in these frequency bands [184] If the resolution ofthe coding...
... Across the top are the two genetically possible types of eggs the mother could produce, and on the left side are the possible types of sperm from the father The four cells ofthe square show the ... epidermis and nervous system The inner layer, the endoderm,4 gives rise to the mucous membranes ofthe digestive andrespiratory tracts and to the digestive glands, among other things Between these ... flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding ofanatomyandphysiology Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition Genetics and Cellular...
... on the other The head ofthe humerus fits into the glenoid cavity ofthe scapula, andthe head ofthe femur fits into the acetabulum ofthe os coxae These are the only multiaxial joints ofthe ... protraction ofthe mandible; (d) retraction ofthe mandible; (e) lateral excursion ofthe mandible; (f ) medial excursion ofthe mandible 304 (e) (f) Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of ... example is the atlantooccipital joint ofthe neck, where the muscles ofthe back ofthe neck pull down on the nuchal lines ofthe skull and oppose the tendency ofthe head to tip forward Loss of muscle...
... They arise from the pterygoid processes ofthe sphenoid bone and insert on the medial surface ofthe mandible (fig 10.9b) The pterygoids elevate and protract the mandible and produce the lateral ... from the shoulder and upper chest and inserts platy ϭ flat 25 broadly along the mandible and overlying skin It depresses the mandible, helps to open and widen the mouth, and tenses the skin ofthe ... for the major movements ofthe wrist and hand Think About It Why are the prime movers of finger extension and flexion located in the forearm rather than in the hand, closer to the fingers? The...
... a myofilament and a myofibril? List five proteins ofthe myofilaments and describe their physical arrangement Sketch the overlapping pattern of myofilaments to explain how they account for the ... filaments are rather close to the Z discs The stimulated muscle may contract a little, but then the thick filaments butt up against the Z discs and can go no farther The contraction is therefore a ... maintain the resting membrane potential and excitability ofthe muscle fibers • Lactic acid lowers the pH ofthe sarcoplasm, which inhibits the enzymes involved in contraction, ATP synthesis, and other...
... “gateway” called the thalamus at the upper end ofthe brainstem; and a third-order neuron that carries the signal the rest ofthe way to the sensory region ofthe cerebral cortex The axons of these neurons ... spinocerebellar tracts and end in the cerebellum Fibers ofthe dorsal tract travel up the ipsilateral side ofthe spinal cord Those ofthe ventral tract cross over and travel up the contralateral side but then ... part ofthe ganglion.) Where are the somas ofthe motor neurons located? ofthe back The ventral ramus innervates the ventral and lateral skin and muscles ofthe trunk and gives rise to nerves of...
... name the hormones these endocrine organs produce and state their functions The Pineal Gland The pineal14 (PIN-ee-ul) gland is a pine cone–shaped growth on the roof ofthe third ventricle ofthe ... corpuscles, and Ruffini corpuscles Somesthetic signals from the head travel the trigeminal and other cranial nerves to the brainstem, and those below the head travel up the spinothalamic tractand other ... of sclera and cornea; middle vascular layer composed of choroid, ciliary body, and iris; and an inner layer composed ofthe retina and beginning ofthe optic nerve The optical components of the...
... describe the relationship ofthe heart to other thoracic structures; • identify the chambers and valves ofthe heart andthe features of its wall; • trace the flow of blood through the heart ... flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding ofanatomyandphysiology Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition 19 The Circulatory ... Shape, and Position ofthe Heart The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum, the area between the lungs About two-thirds of it lies to the left ofthe median plane (fig 19.2) The...
... Flowchart ofthe Lower Limb What arteries ofthe wrist and hand are most comparable to the arcuate artery and plantar arch ofthe foot? 780 Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, ... passes medial to the angle ofthe mandible and enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal ofthe temporal bone It supplies the orbits and about 80% ofthe cerebrum Compressing the internal ... flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding ofanatomyandphysiology Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition 21 The Lymphatic and...
... regions The airway from the nose through the larynx is often called the upper respiratorytract (that is, therespiratory organs in the head and neck), Figure 22.1 TheRespiratory System andthe ... after arrival in the alveolus? Describe the histology ofthe epithelium and lamina propria ofthe nasal cavity andthe functions ofthe cell types present Describe the roles ofthe intrinsic muscles, ... change the volume ofthe thoracic cavity Chapter 22 Understanding the ventilation ofthe lungs, the transport of gases in the blood, andthe exchange of gases with the tissues is largely a matter of...
... development and becomes part ofthe urinary bladder The chorion encloses all ofthe other membranes and forms the fetal part ofthe placenta 10 Organogenesis is the differentiation ofthe primary ... phagocytosis and pinocytosis endoderm The innermost ofthe three primary germ layers of an embryo; gives rise to the mucosae ofthe digestive andrespiratory tracts and to their associated glands endogenous ... gland arising from the roof ofthe third ventricle ofthe brain; produces melatonin and serotonin and may be involved in timing the onset of puberty fig 14.12 Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The...
... observed in 12 (50%) ofthe 24 dSSc patients and in 10 (41.7%) of these patients FVC and DLCO ≤ 69% occurred Ofthe 76 lSSc patients, FVC and DLCO ≤ 79% was observed in (5.3%) and FVC and DLCO ≤ 69% ... 5% ofthe lobe, 2ground glass involving up to 25% ofthe lobe, 3- ground glass involving 25–49% ofthe lobe, 4- ground glass involving 50–75% ofthe lobe, 5- ground glass involving > 75% ofthe ... pg/ml) and CRP (> mg/l) were the components ofthe logistic regression model for alveolitis The cut-off values ofthe dependent variables considered in the analysis were based on ROC curves and...