anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract

... This would prevent the colonisation of the nasopharynx and subsequently limit the spread of pneumococci from the upper to the lower respiratory tract by enhancing clearance via the mucocilliary ... alveolar epithelium Elimination of these SP-D functions could explain the colonisation of the trachea and nasopharynx, the decreased pneumococcal clearance from lungs and the early onset of pneumococcal ... the process of investigating these questions In summary, the absence of lung surfactant protein D increases the persistence of pneumococcal colonisation and infection in the upper and lower respiratory...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:20

Ngày tải lên: 13/03/2016, 13:26

... understanding of the anatomy and function of the ear and the auditory nervous system, and it discusses the cause and treatment of hearing disorders Most books on hearing focus either on the anatomy ... accumulated about the function of the cochlea than of any other sensory organ C H A P T E R Anatomy of the Ear ABSTRACT 10 The ear consists of the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear The outer ... to find original work on the different subjects Understanding of the anatomy and the function of the auditory system together with knowledge about the pathophysiology of the auditory system are...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... at the entrance of the ear canal compared with the sound pressure that is measured in the place of the head The effect of the head on the sound at the entrance of the ear canal is related to the ... ratio between the effective area of the tympanic membrane and the area of the stapes footplate, but the lever ratio of the middle ear bones also contributes The ratio of areas of the BOX 2.2 SOUND ... remarkable in the light of the FIGURE 2.12 (A) Average displacements of the umbo, the head of the stapes and the lenticular process of the incus (B) The lever ratio at 124 dB SPL at the tympanic...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... in the ventral parts of the MGB of the thalamus, the nonclassical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medial division of the MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] These divisions of the MGB receive their ... near the frequency of a formant will show a periodic pattern with the frequency of the formant The spectra of these histograms show harmonics of the fundamental frequency of the vowel and the ... between the classical and the non-classical routes and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (AL), showing the “high route” and the “low route” Connections between the basolateral (ABL) and the central...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... The caudal portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the rostral portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... difference between the latency of the N1 of the AP and that of the response from the intracranial portion of the auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the recording ... the latency of the first peak in the dipole and the length is the relative strength of the dipoles Note the short distance between the two first dipoles (peak I and II of the ABR) and the third...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... components of broad band sounds will elicit contractions of the stapedius muscle when the intensities of these components are above the threshold of the reflex and that will cause attenuation of low ... muscle contraction decreases the input to the cochlea and thereby decreases the contraction of the stapedius muscle, and that in turn causes the input to the cochlea to again increase, and that ... latency of the response to 1.5 kHz tones is shorter than the response to 0.5 kHz tones [182] The latency of the ipsilateral and the contralateral responses are similar The latency of the change in the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... increase the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the ear (cf Chapter 3) The widening of the tuning of the basilar membrane broadens the “slices” of the spectrum of broad band sounds from which the ... noninvasively The outcome of the test depends on fine details of the anatomy of the stapes and its suspension in the oval window, the incudo-stapedial joint and the orientation of its plane surface ... perpendicular to the surface of the flat portion of the incudo-stapedial joint and that does not cause any movement of the incus and thus no displacement of the tympanic membrane If the pressure in the perilymphatic...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... corresponding to the F1 frequency and the other corresponding to the frequency of F2 The rate of the impulses is that of F0 for voiced sounds, and a quasi-random rate (average of 100 pps) for ... determined on the basis of the output of 16 band-pass filters The output of the six band-pass filters with the largest amplitudes is coded in the impulses that are applied to the electrodes in the cochlea ... range of sound intensities [58] The number of channels that are required depends on the resolution of coding of the intensity of sounds in these frequency bands [184] If the resolution of the coding...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... Across the top are the two genetically possible types of eggs the mother could produce, and on the left side are the possible types of sperm from the father The four cells of the square show the ... epidermis and nervous system The inner layer, the endoderm,4 gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands, among other things Between these ... flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding of anatomy and physiology Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition Genetics and Cellular...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... on the other The head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula, and the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the os coxae These are the only multiaxial joints of the ... protraction of the mandible; (d) retraction of the mandible; (e) lateral excursion of the mandible; (f ) medial excursion of the mandible 304 (e) (f) Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of ... example is the atlantooccipital joint of the neck, where the muscles of the back of the neck pull down on the nuchal lines of the skull and oppose the tendency of the head to tip forward Loss of muscle...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... They arise from the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone and insert on the medial surface of the mandible (fig 10.9b) The pterygoids elevate and protract the mandible and produce the lateral ... from the shoulder and upper chest and inserts platy ϭ flat 25 broadly along the mandible and overlying skin It depresses the mandible, helps to open and widen the mouth, and tenses the skin of the ... for the major movements of the wrist and hand Think About It Why are the prime movers of finger extension and flexion located in the forearm rather than in the hand, closer to the fingers? The...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... a myofilament and a myofibril? List five proteins of the myofilaments and describe their physical arrangement Sketch the overlapping pattern of myofilaments to explain how they account for the ... filaments are rather close to the Z discs The stimulated muscle may contract a little, but then the thick filaments butt up against the Z discs and can go no farther The contraction is therefore a ... maintain the resting membrane potential and excitability of the muscle fibers • Lactic acid lowers the pH of the sarcoplasm, which inhibits the enzymes involved in contraction, ATP synthesis, and other...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... “gateway” called the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem; and a third-order neuron that carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex The axons of these neurons ... spinocerebellar tracts and end in the cerebellum Fibers of the dorsal tract travel up the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord Those of the ventral tract cross over and travel up the contralateral side but then ... part of the ganglion.) Where are the somas of the motor neurons located? of the back The ventral ramus innervates the ventral and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk and gives rise to nerves of...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... name the hormones these endocrine organs produce and state their functions The Pineal Gland The pineal14 (PIN-ee-ul) gland is a pine cone–shaped growth on the roof of the third ventricle of the ... corpuscles, and Ruffini corpuscles Somesthetic signals from the head travel the trigeminal and other cranial nerves to the brainstem, and those below the head travel up the spinothalamic tract and other ... of sclera and cornea; middle vascular layer composed of choroid, ciliary body, and iris; and an inner layer composed of the retina and beginning of the optic nerve The optical components of the...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... describe the relationship of the heart to other thoracic structures; • identify the chambers and valves of the heart and the features of its wall; • trace the flow of blood through the heart ... flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding of anatomy and physiology Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition 19 The Circulatory ... Shape, and Position of the Heart The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum, the area between the lungs About two-thirds of it lies to the left of the median plane (fig 19.2) The...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... Flowchart of the Lower Limb What arteries of the wrist and hand are most comparable to the arcuate artery and plantar arch of the foot? 780 Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, ... passes medial to the angle of the mandible and enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal of the temporal bone It supplies the orbits and about 80% of the cerebrum Compressing the internal ... flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding of anatomy and physiology Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition 21 The Lymphatic and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... regions The airway from the nose through the larynx is often called the upper respiratory tract (that is, the respiratory organs in the head and neck), Figure 22.1 The Respiratory System and the ... after arrival in the alveolus? Describe the histology of the epithelium and lamina propria of the nasal cavity and the functions of the cell types present Describe the roles of the intrinsic muscles, ... change the volume of the thoracic cavity Chapter 22 Understanding the ventilation of the lungs, the transport of gases in the blood, and the exchange of gases with the tissues is largely a matter of...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... development and becomes part of the urinary bladder The chorion encloses all of the other membranes and forms the fetal part of the placenta 10 Organogenesis is the differentiation of the primary ... phagocytosis and pinocytosis endoderm The innermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo; gives rise to the mucosae of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to their associated glands endogenous ... gland arising from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain; produces melatonin and serotonin and may be involved in timing the onset of puberty fig 14.12 Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... observed in 12 (50%) of the 24 dSSc patients and in 10 (41.7%) of these patients FVC and DLCO ≤ 69% occurred Of the 76 lSSc patients, FVC and DLCO ≤ 79% was observed in (5.3%) and FVC and DLCO ≤ 69% ... 5% of the lobe, 2ground glass involving up to 25% of the lobe, 3- ground glass involving 25–49% of the lobe, 4- ground glass involving 50–75% of the lobe, 5- ground glass involving > 75% of the ... pg/ml) and CRP (> mg/l) were the components of the logistic regression model for alveolitis The cut-off values of the dependent variables considered in the analysis were based on ROC curves and...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 18:22