analysis of 2003 pollution inventory pi data

... identifies The NRC report also noted that “Because of the lack of consideration of other sources of uncertainty, the results of the primary analysis often appear more certain than they actually are.” ... Treatment of Uncertainty in EPA’s Analysis of Air Pollution Rules: A Status Report Arthur G Fraas∗ Introduction In a 2002 report titled Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution ... presentation of the uncertainty analysis that would be clear and transparent to decisionmakers and to other interested readers Analysis of benefits for EPA air rules typically requires a complex chain of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 19:20

... Chinese SO2 Pollution Pilot Program China has yet to establish an overall system of air pollution trading From 1990 to 1994, the SEPA’s Department of Pollution Control launched a pilot project ... 25 of the 1981 Constitution Amendment 53 Mark S Squillace & David R Wooley, Air Pollution 17 (3d ed 1999) 52 Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution ... [the time of the passage of the 1990 CAA Amendments], public concern over air pollution had grown, not only because of the publicity concerning acid rain, but because of media coverage of the hole...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 18:20

... construction can improve on asymptotic analysis Volume of the Handbook of Econometrics and Volume 11 of the Handbook of Statistics contain nice surveys of these topics (Hajivassilou and Ruud, 1994; ... packaged in econometric software programs Other examples are of models where, given access to the appropriate data set, one could undertake an empirical analysis The numerous end -of- chapter problems ... surveys of semiparametric and nonparametric methods are available in Volume of the Handbook of Econometrics—see Powell (1994) and Hardle and Linton (1994)—as well as in ¨ Volume 11 of the Handbook of...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... summary of properties of conditional expectations 1.2 1.2.1 The Stochastic Setting and Asymptotic Analysis Data Structures In order to give proper treatment to modern cross section and panel data ... assumptions that impinge on economic behavior, stating all assumptions in terms of the population is actually much easier than the traditional approach of stating assumptions in terms of full data matrices ... cases of nonrandom samples, the assumptions on the population model play a central role For panel data (or longitudinal data) , which consist of repeated observations on the same cross section of, ...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... additional properties that are consequences of the randomness of mðxÞ Some of the statements we make are proven in the appendix, but general proofs of other assertions require measure-theoretic ... function of w, say x ¼ fðwÞ (The vector x could simply be a subset of w.) This statement implies that if we know the outcome of w, then we know the outcome of x The most general statement of the ... partial e¤ect of x1 is constant but the partial e¤ect of x2 depends on the level of x2 In equation (2.4), qEðy j xÞ ¼ b þ b3 x2 ; qx1 qEð y j xÞ ¼ b2 þ b3 x1 qx2 so that the partial e¤ect of x1 depends...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... estimator of g ¼ logðyÞ ^ a Why is g a consistent estimator of g? 46 b Find the asymptotic variance of pffiffiffiffi ffi ^ N ðy À yÞ Chapter pffiffiffiffiffi N ð^ À gÞ in terms of the asymptotic variance of g ^ ^ ... functions of xN This is especially useful for determining the asymptotic distribution of test statistics once the limiting distribution of an estimator is known; see Section 3.5 The continuity of g ... Limiting Behavior of Estimators and Test Statistics In this section, we apply the previous concepts to sequences of estimators Because estimators depend on the random outcomes of data, they are...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... Failure of Assumption OLS.3 has less serious consequences than failure of Assumption OLS.1 As we have already seen, Assumption OLS.3 has nothing to ^ with consistency of b Further, the proof of asymptotic ... (Consistency of OLS): Under Assumptions OLS.1 and OLS.2, the ^ OLS estimator b obtained from a random sample following the population model (4.5) is consistent for b The simplicity of the proof of Theorem ... matrices The square roots of the diagonal elements of equation (4.11) are often called the White standard errors or Huber standard errors, or some hyphenated combination of the names Eicker, Huber,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... a valid estimator of the asymptotic variance of b under Assumptions 2SLS.1– ^ is just the square root of the jth diag2SLS.3 The (asymptotic) standard error of bj onal element of matrix (5.27) ... linear combination of interest, say y a1 b1 þ a2 b2 þ Á Á Á þ aK bK , and then to write one of the bj in terms of y and the other elements of b Then, substitute into the equation of interest so that ... number of moments of the 2SLS estimator that exist is one less than the number of overidentifying restrictions This finding implies that when the number of instruments equals the number of explanatory...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... and 2SLS estimates of a particular linear combination of the parameters—as the original Hausman test does—it often makes sense to compare just the estimates of the parameter of interest, which ... regressions (each element of y y2 onto z) Now, let h2 be any  Q1 subset of z (It does not matter which elements of z we choose, as long as we choose Q1 of them.) Regress each element of h2 onto ðz1 ; ... can have some confidence in the overall set of instruments used Of course, it could also be that the test has low power for detecting endogeneity of some of the instruments A heteroskedasticity-robust...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... siK ¼ g10 þ g11 logð piK =piM Þ þ g12 logðpiL =piM Þ þ uiK siL ¼ g20 þ g12 logðpiK = piM Þ þ g22 logð piL = piM Þ þ uiL We now have a two-equation system with variance matrix of full rank, with ... must be   logðpiK = piM Þ logðpiL = piM Þ Xi ð7:62Þ 0 logð piK =piM Þ logðpiL = piM Þ This formulation imposes all the conditions implied by production theory Estimating Systems of Equations ... inputs: let piK denote the price of capital to firm i, piL be the price of labor for firm i, and siM denote the price of materials for firm i For each firm i, let siK be the cost share for capital, let...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... Linear System of Equations We now discuss estimation of a general linear model of the form yi ¼ Xi b þ u i ð8:11Þ where yi is a G Â vector, Xi is a G Â K matrix, and u i is the G Â vector of errors ... first-stage u ^ residuals ^i are used in place of ^ i The square roots of diagonal elements of this u u matrix are the asymptotic standard errors of the optimal GMM estimator This estimator is ... statistics by obtaining the asymptotic standard errors (square roots of the diagonal ^ elements of V) Wald statistics of linear hypotheses of the form H0 : Rb ¼ r, where R is a Q Â K matrix with rank...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... than scalar multiples of e1 then we have no hope of identifying b Stating that condition (9.18) holds only for vectors of the form c1 e1 just means that the null space of R1 B has dimension ... matrix R1 consists only of zeros and ones, and the number of rows in R1 equals the number of excluded right-hand-side endogenous variables, G À G1 À 1, plus the number of excluded exogenous variables, ... functions of z1 and z2 to the instrument list: the linear projection of y2 on z1 , z2 , and any function of ðz1 ; z2 Þ will only depend on z1 and z2 Equation (9.59) is an example of a poorly...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... that neither of these variables has a lagged e¤ect on capital investment 10.2 Suppose you have T ¼ years of data on the same group of N working individuals Consider the following model of wage determination: ... t This correlation is also the ratio of the variance of ci to the variance of the composite error, and it is useful as a measure of the relative importance of the unobserved e¤ect ci Assumptions ... (RE Estimation of the E¤ects of Job Training Grants): We now use the data in JTRAIN1.RAW to estimate the e¤ect of job training grants on firm scrap rates, using a random e¤ects analysis There...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... the data in JTRAIN1.RAW for this question a Consider the simple equation logðscrapit Þ ¼ yt þ b1 hrsempit þ ci þ uit where scrapit is the scrap rate for firm i in year t, and hrsempit is hours of ... over time One simple data structure is a matched pairs sample To illustrate, we consider More Topics in Linear Unobserved E¤ects Models 329 the case of sibling data, which are often used in the ... number of units in cluster i The dimension of b is K Â To apply the panel data methods we have discussed so far, we assume that the number of clusters, N, is large, because we fix the number of units...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... degrees -of- freedom adjustment, where P is the dimension of y.] As always, the asymptotic standard error of ^ each element of y is the square root of the appropriate diagonal element of matrix ... vector of partial derivatives of qðw; yÞ: sðw; yÞ ¼ ½qqðw; yÞ=qy1 ; qqðw; yÞ=qy2 ; ; qqðw; yÞ=qyP Š [Or, sðw; yÞ is the transpose of the gradient of qðw; yÞ.] We call sðw; yÞ the score of the ... definiteness of the Hessian A convenient stopping rule for the BHHH method is obtained as in expression (12.82), but with the sum of the outer products of the score replacing the sum of the Hessians...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... of the dynamics—that is, that all lags of yt and z t have been properly accounted for in f ðyt j x t ; yo Þ—and strict exogeneity of z t In most treatments of maximum likelihood estimation of ... P Â score of li ðy Þ evaluated at the restricted estimates y partial derivatives of li ðy Þ with respect to each of the P parameters, but then we 398 Chapter 13 evaluate this vector of partials ... Since the MLE y sets the sum of the score to zero, gðw; y Þ cannot contain elements of sðw; y Þ Generally, g should be chosen to test features of a model that are of primary interest, such as...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... vector of observations on the dependent variable 14.5.2 E‰ciency of MLE Students of econometrics are often told that the maximum likelihood estimator is ‘‘e‰cient.’’ Unfortunately, in the context of ... with L À P degrees of freedom under the conditions of Theorem 14.2 Therefore, the value of the objective function (properly standardized by the sample size) can be used as a test of any overidentifying ... ing wQ distribution 14.3 Systems of Nonlinear Equations A leading application of the results in Section 14.2 is to estimation of the parameters in an implicit set of nonlinear equations, such as...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... particular type of pension plan, y ¼ otherwise Regardless of the definition of y, it is traditional to refer to y ¼ as a success and y ¼ as a failure As in the case of linear models, we often call ... choice) analysis The bj , their standard errors, and the value of the likelihood func^ tion are reported by all software packages that binary response analysis The bj give the signs of the partial ... probit and logit Of course, one of the potential advantages of using probit or logit is that the partial e¤ects vary ^ with x, and it is of some interest to compute gðxb Þ at values of x other than...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... 518 Chapter 16 Data censoring also arises in the analysis of duration models, a topic we treat in Chapter 20 A second kind of application of censored regression models appears more often in econometrics ... shown to be qi ¼ if = pi a and qi ¼ = pi À if =pi > We can write this relation as þ qi ¼ maxð1; =pi Þ If ¼ expðzi g þ ui Þ, where ui is an unobservable independent of ðzi ; pi ; mi Þ and normally ... determines the marginal utility of giving for family i Maximizing subject to the budget constraint ci þ pi qi ¼ mi (where mi is family income and pi is the price of a dollar of charitable contributions)...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20

... one of the elements of x1 is thought to be correlated with u1 Or, all the elements of x1 are exogenous in the population model but data are missing on an element of x1 , and the reason data ... following probabilities can be used in the IPW procedure: pit ðdo Þ pi2 ðgo pi3 ðgo Þ Á Á Á pit ðgo Þ; t t t ¼ 2; ; T ð17:66Þ where pit ðgo Þ Pðsit ¼ j z it ; si; tÀ1 ¼ 1Þ t ð17:67Þ In other ... attrition For t ¼ 2; ; T, let pit denote the fitted selection probabilities Then ^ ^ ^ ^ we construct the probability weights as the product pit pi2 pi3 Á Á Á pit and use the objective function...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 08:20