an encyclopedia of herbs

... machines 417 transfer printing (pottery) 194 transformers 371 transistor radios 728 transistors 42, 419, 703 transmission cables 371–2 transplanting 773 transporter bridges 496, 518 trapetum 263 Travels ... 41, 727, see also diode; triode Wankel rotating disc 328 Van Harinxma Canal 492 Van Starkenborgh Canal 492 Vanguard rocket 656 wagons 434, 440 wainscot 902 Walkman (cassette player) 725 wall coverings ... OF TOPICS roller mill (corn) 257 roller printing (textiles) 835 rolling mills 28, 152, 180, 381 Roman cement 888, 889 Roman mill 19, 20 Romanesque architecture 874, 875, 876 Romans 18 baths and...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... Isles France The Low Countries Germany The Rhine Italy Greece Sweden The Soviet Union Eastern Europe Spain and Portugal The Suez Canal Japan Canada The United States The Panama Canal Canal and river ... Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge a division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, ... AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THE HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY AN E NCYCLOPAE DIA OF TH E H I STORY OF TECH NOLO GY E D I T E D BY IAN McN E I L RO U T L E D G E LO N D O...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... power of invention Other primates, such as chimpanzees, have been known to add one stick of bamboo to another to enable them to reach and hence to enjoy a banana otherwise out of reach Many species ... no more than instinctive and isolated responses to a set of circumstances peculiar to the species Only God knows why man is the only species of animal capable of inventive thought and equipped ... DEVICES AND MECHANISMS IAN McNEIL THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN HISTORY It is strange that, in the study and teaching of history, so little attention is paid to the history of technology Political and...

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... promises to change human life more swiftly and more radically than any of its predecessors THE FIRST AGE: MAN, THE HUNTER, MASTERS FIRE The history of technology can be said to be older than man himself, ... history of technology was Professor V.Gordon Childe who studied, rather than the rise and fall of civilizations, the rise and fall of technologies—the technologies of hunting and weapon-making, of ... that the earliest inhabitants of Scandinavia had first made their tools and weapons of wood or stone, then of copper or bronze and finally of iron This inspired him to arrange his collections by...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... DEVICES AN D MECHANIS MS specialization and the division of labour were important factors Metal workers were a class of specialists who needed specialist equipment and who depended for their sustenance ... such an early example of gears were filed with a straight tooth profile and a root angle of approximately 90 degrees Wooden power transmission gears for mills date at least as far back as Roman ... inch and the cubit all being based on parts of the human body by the Egyptians The Egyptians were also the first large-scale builders, largely using huge quantities of slave labour rather than...

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... from 1694 to 1744, who manufactured a pair of gunner’s calipers with a Vernier scale for measuring the bores of cannon and the diameter of cannon balls The crank An important development in the ... and the labour of his hands Now he could produce much more, his hands enhanced by the machine, but in much less pleasant surroundings and circumstances which often approached slavery Interchangeability ... DEVICES AN D MECHANIS MS for the cost of transporting boiler fuel from the pithead could be a substantial proportion of the total cost of coal Instead of being spaced out along the river banks so...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... the Anglo-French project Concorde Simultaneously at 11.40 a.m 39 INTRODUCTION on 21 January 1976, planes took off from Paris and London to fly to Rio de Janeiro and Bahrain The Russian factory of ... Providing employment for thousands of navvies, as well as surveyors, engineers and clerks, it changed the landscape of Britain and earned fortunes for contrac tors and investors—apart from those ... specification, an in-line 4-cylinder giving about 9kW (12hp) at 1200rpm with an aluminium crankcase The piston engine and propeller was the solitary form of air propulsion until Heinkel in Germany and Frank...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... ridiculous and to many others a threat to the dignity of themselves as members of the human race or worse, a threat to the very existence of humanity as the only reasoning animal living on the planet ... aren’t the best ditch-diggers in the world, machines are And humans can’t lift as much as a crane They can’t fly without an airplane And they can’t carry as much as a truck It doesn’t make me feel ... suggests that the technique of melting and casting native copper originated in Anatolia, and between 5000 and 4000 BC spread rapidly over much of the Middle East and Mediterranean area Three 50 NON-FERROUS...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... of iron and copper oxides before it can be smelted Moreover, because chalcopyrite ores contain in general less than per cent of copper, and because of the presence of large quantities of unwanted ... BC and were found in the 1930s at the site of Tepe Giyan, near Nahavand in Western Iran This mountainous region, situated midway between the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, was in the Land of ... community such as Tepe Giyan, in the Persian highlands, during the 4th millennium, and subsequently moved southwards to Sumeria and the Persian Gulf, and westwards to the Mediterranean seaboard, during...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... silver and copper Roman civilization also brought with it the rapid expansion of highly organized urban life which required large quantities of lead for plumbing The main metallurgical innovation of ... support the Athenian Empire Other famous silver mines were those in the Pangaean region of Macedonia, and the Cycladic island of Siphnos Mining at Siphnos began some time between 3150 and 2790 BC The ... decorated and least utilitarian items of Shang bronze 64 NON-FERROUS M ETALS tend to be those with the highest tin content, and rarely contain more than half a per cent of lead Items of utility,...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... Mediterranean area of Roman influence The alloy, containing 27.6 per cent zinc and negligible quantities of tin and lead, was a typical product of the cementation process The Roman process of zinc manufacture ... of the Tatra mountains In the reign of Edward VI, another German, Joachim Gundelfinger, was appointed to manage the silver mines at Wexford in Ireland and under Mary, Burckard Kranich was granted ... England, advised the construction of a smelting house at Combe Martin, Devon, and accepted the office of Principal Surveyor and Master of the Mines to the King In 1529 however, he left England...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... Battery, Wire and Copper Company of Bristol as it was then known The others were John Freeman and Copper Company of Bristol, Thomas Patten and Coy of Warrington, and Charles Roe and Copper Company at ... Brass manufacture represented only a small part of the total activities of John Freeman and Company Together with the Bristol Brass Company, however, Thomas Patten and Charles Roe produced most of ... Darby’s immigrant workers seem to have been skilled in casting large thin slabs of brass into flat granite moulds and in the manufacture of hollow ware and other brass utensils by standard battery...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... properties and ductility it resembles nickel, and it is resistant to anhydrous ammonia, sea water and a wide range of organic chemicals It is used for marine propellers and much marine hardware and ... most of the metallurgical assets had been acquired by the Canadian Copper Company under the leadership of S.J.Ritchie This company shipped most of its roasted ore to the Orford Copper Company of ... reputation for its quality and reliability Vast quantities of galvanized iron sheet and utensils were exported to the expanding colonies and the profits made from bursts of trade stimulated by the...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... to make him a breastplate of aluminium, a service of spoons and forks for state banquets and other items As an artilleryman, he was also interested in the promotion of aluminium as a material ... Sainte-Claire Deville had already delivered an address to the Académie des Sciences of Paris on the subject of aluminium, and had been awarded a grant of 2000 francs to continue his research Bunsen ... electrolysis of fused salts appear to have been made by Charles S.Bradley of Yonkers, NY His ideas and conceptions were similar to, and anticipated in several ways those of Hall and Héroult Bradley...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... appears to have first been manufactured in the United States by an offshoot of Edward Sonstadt’s Magnesium Metal Company in Salford The American Magnesium Company (AMC) of Boston, Massachusetts, ... evident by 1938, and between 1939 and 1943 the United States Government financed the construction of seven electrolytic and five ferrosilicon plants so that any foreseeable demands for the metal ... economics of thermal reduction processes were of less importance than the simplicity of the plant required and its ability to produce metal quickly, using indigenous resources without the benefit of...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... Masing and Dahl of Siemens also protected the compositions of beryllium copper and beryllium cobalt copper alloys which had higher electrical conductivities than those of the American alloy and ... this effect was cerium, and in 1934 Heraeus applied for patents covering the manufacture and use of heating elements to which small quantities of cerium and other metals of the rare earth group ... Birmingham, and led to the introduction of the wellknown ‘Brightray C’ series of alloys The mechanism which permits small quantities of the reactive metals, such as cerium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... shaped sheet metal cans which are subsequently evacuated and sealed by welding The can and its contents are then subjected to the combined effects of heat and an external pressure of an inert gas in ... designed and used by Kroll during the Second World War for melting titanium (see p 143) The tantalum lamp met with great and virtually instantaneous success Between 1905 and 1911 over 103 million tantalum ... deal more light than carbon filament lamps, but they were brittle and expensive The process was developed by Just and Hanamann in 1904 at the Royal School of Technology in Vienna and lamps were...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... was that part of Surrey and Sussex known as the Weald, and it was also close to an important market, London The iron trade became important there, and many signs of its former importance survive ... into channels moulded in a bed of sand, where it solidified To produce pieces a man could lift, a main channel was made, with others branching off it at right angles and from these a number of short, ... type of organization, and investment Some landowners were able to finance the building of blast furnaces themselves; otherwise groups of men formed partnerships, sharing the funding and the profits...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... effect on the iron industry, and it was also responsible for many changes in the life and standard of living of Britain and indeed of the whole world It laid the foundations of the industrial towns—not ... iron ore and then transport the raw materials to it There were no railways and the roads were very bad; some of them were no more than tracks The cost of transporting tonnes of ore and coal over ... Staffordshire and the West Midlands The latter was to become, in the first half of the nineteenth century, the biggest ironmaking area of the world and provides an example of how the iron trade changed an...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20

... ways of processing it by rolling and forging And the market was still expanding In 1822, Aaron Manby built an iron steamboat at Tipton, Staffordshire: it was sent in sections by canal to London and ... charge of an underhand or assistant who was often learning the job (see Figure 2.2) A furnace charge of about 250kg (550lb) of pig iron took about two hours to work up to wrought iron and then ... plan, otherwise the working of the furnace could be upset Various factors could cause this plan to need changing and the man in charge had to use his own judgement to decide when and how to change...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 01:20