an algebraic theory of concurrency

... Annals of Mathematics, 166 (2007), 579–612 Finding large Selmer rank via an arithmetic theory of local constants By Barry Mazur and Karl Rubin* Abstract We obtain lower bounds for Selmer ranks ... equivariant, , R is GK -equivariant if and only if , Zp is GK -equivariant This completes the proof of the proposition Let A be the abelian variety AL of Definition 3.3 Recall (Definitions A.2 and ... MAZUR AND KARL RUBIN Lemma A.6 The pairing , and skew-Hermitian R of Definition A.5 is perfect, GK -equivariant, Proof The Weil pairing is perfect and skew-symmetric, and the pairing f is perfect and...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 09:20

... K(z) and is the splitting field of the polynomial x3 − z 3 Isomorphisms of fields 21 Isomorphisms of fields Let K/k be an algebraic extension of k and W any extension of K and so of k A mapping σ of ... algebraic closure of k and K an intermediary field Let Ω′ 19 be an algebraic closure of K and so of k Then there is an isomorphism τ of Ω′ on Ω which is trivial on k The restriction of this isomorphism ... a root of f (x) in an extension Ω(ρ) of Ω Then since Ω/k is algebraic Ω(ρ) is an element of M This contradicts maximality of Ω Thus Ω is an algebraic closure of k 2) Uniqueness Let k and k′ be...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 15:20

Ngày tải lên: 13/05/2014, 12:24

... generations (t) and (t + 1) can be derived for the mean and the variance covariance matrix of gene effects (Lande, 1976; Chevalet, 1988): - - - mean effects within g’s: population variance of the structure: ... mean values and standard deviations over replicated runs of the following criteria: mean breeding value; genetic and genic variances, effective numbers of loci (equations [17] and [18] below) and ... between male and female contributions, any value is written in the following way: ) f and g( value of a gamete and y a residual assumed to be random, so that the variance covariance matrix of Matings...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 18:21

... Bryant (1980) and of Diamond and Dybvig (1983) on the bank as a coalition of depositors, of Akerlof (1970) and Leland and Pyle (1977) on the bank as an information sharing coalition, and of Diamond ... industry and also of banking The process of risk transformation is expressed in their balance sheets and in their offbalance sheet items Banks also push the development and marketing of financial ... current theory of financial intermediation and real-world practice Our critical analysis of this theory leads to several building blocks of a new theory of financial intermediation Current financial...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2012, 09:11

... kind of money and no banking system, through an analysis of the phenomena of parallel currency and foreign exchanges, to an extensive treatment of the problems of modern banking and the effects of ... aid to the statesman and to the man of affairs, than the theory of money and credit Yet for all this there is no part of the subject where the established results of analysis and experience have ... Exchange-Value of Money evoked by Changes in the Ratio between the Supply of Money and the Demand for it The Quantity Theory 124 The Stock of Money and the Demand for Money 13 The Consequences of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 03:20

... of the European ACL Conference, Berlin, Germany Magerman, D.M and Weir, C 1992 Probabilistic prediction and Picky chart parsing In Proceedings of the February 1992 DARPA Speech and Natural Language ... feature type is larger than that of part -of- speech feature type, and the predictive information quantity of partof-speech feature type is larger than that of the constituent label feature type Table-1: ... information quantity of the first word and the second word in the objective word sequence is larger than that of the headword of the parent node which has the largest predictive information quantity...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 18:20

... Moser from a manuscript by Leo Moser We thank Sinan Gunturk and Joseph Lipman for proofreading parts of the manuscript We intend to correct and update this work as needed If you notice any mistakes ... to these terms and conditions Any copy you make of this work, by any means, in whole or in part, must contain this page, verbatim and in its entirety An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers c ... (Catalan); n (2) The number of compositions of n into even parts is 2 − if n is even and if n is odd; (3) The number of compositions of n into an even number of parts is equal to the number of compositions...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 16:21

... 0, 1, 01, 11, and 011 are the substrings of 011 , 0, and 01 are the proper prefixes of 011 , 1, and 11 are the proper suffixes of 011 011 is a prefix and a suffix of 011 If = a1 an for some symbols ... alphabetically bigger in * than if and are in * and either of the following two cases holds a is a proper prefix of b For some in * and some a and b in and the string b is a prefix of such that a precedes ... http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~gurari /theory- bk /theory- bk-onese1.html following two cases holds a b is shorter than and are of identical length but is alphabetically smaller than An ordered subset of * is said to be canonically...

Ngày tải lên: 12/05/2014, 03:28

... an element of G which does not have d as an initial segment must be greater than d It follows that if d is neither an initial segment of an element of F nor an initial segment of an element of ... away can F and G be from a and still have a = F|G? As a rough rule of thumb, the larger the length of a, the closer F and G must be to a AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF SURREAL NUMBERS 40 Proof, ... proof of theorem 2.1 In fact, the construction gives the more detailed information that every proper initial segment of F|G is an initial segment of an element of F U G (An initial segment b of...

Ngày tải lên: 31/05/2014, 00:15

... cannot identify any of them We realize the incompleteness of our knowledge—and can even often localize where this incompleteness exists—but of course cannot characterize those missing items of ... Knowledge and Its Problems PROBLEMS OF METAKNOWLEDGE The reflexive aspect of human cognition is one of its most characteristic and significant features Nothing is more significant for and characteristic ... subject to an acceptance thereof as correct and authentic, and externally and detachedly, viewed from an “epistemic distance” without the commitment of actual acceptance, and seen as merely representing...

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Ngày tải lên: 30/06/2014, 07:33

... displace a standard ruler and a standard clock along the orbit of the particle.But when the ruler and clock move along the orbit in the gravitational field, the length of ruler and rate of the clock ... A.Pinsky,Fundamentals of Physics, Vol.1(1975) [4] S.Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of The general theory of Relativity John Wiley & sons (1972) [5] Vo Van On, A Vector ... above, of the expression v = 2ax , we obtain[3]: t = t 2ax c (4) Because of the non-uniformity and anisotropy of space in non-inertial reference frames, it is necessary to describe properties of...

Ngày tải lên: 22/07/2014, 06:21

... (the composite of g and f ) is continuous, h : z → Y , and h(z) = g(A) Theorem 2.5.3 The cartesian product of a finite or countable number of analytic sets is an analytic set Proof Let Ai , i ∈ ... class of analytic subsets of X So A(X) ⊂ Z However, the class A(X) is not a σ-algebra The complement of an analytic set need not be analytic1 It can be generally proved that if A and A both are analytic, ... 4.8 Algebraic independence and dependence 4.9 Algebraic and transcendental elements 4.10 Algebraic bases 4.11 Simple extensions of fields 4.12 Isomorphism of fields and rings...

Ngày tải lên: 04/08/2014, 22:25

... encircles an even number of vertices of W Let C be an alternating cycle of M and let W be a 2-connected component of G which contains C Then C encircles an even number of vertices of W and hence ... efficiently an orientation D of G such that G is Pfa an if and only if D is its Pfa an orientation Hence P f (A(D)) equals to the number of the perfect matchings of G if and only if G is Pfa an, and ... alternating cycles of M and N An orientation of a graph G = (V, E) is a digraph D = (V, A) obtained from G by fixing an orientation of each edge of G, i.e., by ordering the elements of each edge of G The...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 06:20

... functions of T -joins and k-cuts of graphs A graph is a pair G = (V, E) where V is a set and E is a set of unordered pairs of elements of V The elements of V are called vertices and those of E are ... function of the multicuts of a graph and we derive an important relation between it and the generating function of the eulerian subgraphs of the same graph It is well known that for a planar graph ... splitting of all vertices of T and even splitting of all vertices of V − T If the edge f of Gs is the image of the edge f of G then we let xs = xf We let xs = for the remaining edges e of Gs ...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 06:20

... Properties (V1) and (V2) and which is not a valuation of S Proofs of Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 In this section S = (P, L, I) is a dense near polygon and f is a map from P to the set N of nonnegative ... than the dual projective space associated with α If S is a subspace of L(∆, α), then S consists of all hyperplanes of α which contain a given subspace β of α Then S, regarded as set of lines of ... point-line geometry: (i) P is the set of all partitions of A in n + subsets of size 2; (ii) L is the set of all partitions of A in n − subsets of size and one subset of size 4; (iii) a point p ∈ P is...

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21