amp regulation of carbohydrate metabolism

... Regulation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in mouse liver (Eur J Biochem 269) 4421 Fig 1H MRI and 13C MRS of the mouse liver (A) Sagittal (left) and transverse (right) images of the liver of a control ... higher rate of net glycogen Ó FEBS 2002 Regulation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in mouse liver (Eur J Biochem 269) 4425 synthesis when compared to the normal control mice, the rate of [1-13C] ... saturation ensured complete elimination of signals from outside of the volume of interest The localized signals of glycogen and glucose were acquired with spectrometer offset set to 100 p.p.m (64 scans...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 17:20

... optimize tumour cell metabolism for proliferation by providing appropriate levels of energy in the form of ATP, biosynthetic capacity and the maintenance of balanced redox status AMPK, AMP- activated ... decrease in AMPK signalling and loss of mTOr inhibition49 The loss of AMPK signalling allows the activation of mTOr and HIF1, and therefore might also support the shift towards glycolytic metabolism ... during the process of tumorigenesis, loss of tumour suppressors may cause cells to become overloaded with the products of aberrant metabolism and lose control of redox balance For example, when the...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 04:20

... initiated, with the aim of obtaining new insights into the regulation of lysine metabolism in maize During the course of this work Hunter et al [31] published an analysis of some of these mutants Our ... diversity (Fig 2) The effect of each mutation on the amount of every isoform was tested using analyses of Table Quantitation of N constituents Percentage contribution of N constituents present in ... identity of the polypeptide spots visualized in 2D gels [34] Statistical analyses of zein isoform amounts A previous analysis of colloidal Coomassie blue staining intensity as a function of protein...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 15:21

... identification of a specific receptor for GALP is of considerable importance if the physiological functions and mechanism of action of GALP are to be fully understood Little is known about the role of alarin, ... maturation of reproductive function Fasting decreases both the number of GALPexpressing neurons [23] and the expression of GALP mRNA [24] Leptin administration restores the number of GALP-expressing ... to the MPA, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and lateral septal nucleus Central administration of GALP activates neurons in various regions of the rat brain Injection of GALP into the third...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:20

... traces of AMP, either endogenous or as a Regulation of AMPK a2b2c3 complexes by AMP A B C result of the presence of AMP- generating proteins as contaminants [47] Several upstream kinases (AMPKKs) ... version of c3 AMPK complexes were phosphorylated by LKB1 or CAMKKb in the absence or presence of AMP (0, 50, 200 or 500 lM AMP) Table Effect of the mutations in the AMPK c3 gene on the AMP dependence ... 200 lm AMP caused an activation of 2–4-fold of the AMPK a2b2c3 trimers expressed in bacteria or COS7 cells, relative to the activity in the absence of AMP Previously, allosteric regulation of c3-containing...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 08:20

... lead to the speculation that the longevity of IIS mutants is at least partially derived from downregulation of TOR Mutation of DAF-15/RAPTOR, an activator of TOR, results in increased C elegans life ... development, metabolism and life span Development 2004, 131:3897-3906 doi:10.1186/jbiol215 Cite this article as: Gallo M, Riddle DL: Regulation of metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans longevity Journal of ... Although the role of metabolism in aging is not straightforward, the metabolomics of longevity mutants may provide some answers It is interesting to notice that several classes of long-lived mutants...

Ngày tải lên: 06/08/2014, 19:21

... southern part of the Black Forest (Kalbelescheuer and Haldenhof, near Freiburg, F.R.G.) Collection and freeze-drying of needle samples well as metatrolite analyses bed elsewhere (Einig and as Hampp etaL, ... in Fig In June samples, e.g., starch, F6P and F26BP are high, while TP are low; high levels of F6P, possibly indicative of limited sucrose export (rates of synthesis exceed rates of export), activate ... F26BP and high levels of TP This metabolic situation should thus be indicative of increased tween starch and sucrose will sucrose visible signs of damage The determination of F26BP levels in needles...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 04:20

... amount of 7α-OH-DHEA is expressed as the percentage [3H]-7α-OH-DHEA of the total amount of [3H]-label measured Results are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean of triplicate samples ... amount of 7α-OHDHEA is expressed as the percentage of 3H-labelled 7α-OHDHEA of the total amount of 3H-label measured Recoveries after extraction were in the range 85–95%, and identification of 7α-OH-DHEA ... transducer and activator of transcription Discussion The findings of the present study suggest involvement of AP1 and NF-κB, but not of p38 or ERK1/2, in the TNF-αenhanced formation of the immunostimulating...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 07:20

... shows the contribution of this strategy to the development of plants with biofarming potential in the frame of a high demand of natural and ecologically accepted sources of renewable compounds ... export of the excess of reducing power via the malate valve, and productive consumption of the surplus of NADPH by the Calvin cycle Finally, as is the case with iron deficiency, the extent of protection ... the evolution of vascular plants The case of Fld and Cyt c6 shows that reintroduction of these genes in the proper subcellular compartment of model and crop plants restored some of the selective...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 05:20

... the outcome of such approaches has at times fallen short of expectations, as summarized above This is probably because of a lack of understanding regarding endogenous mechanisms of regulation ... availability of precursors for an introduced pathway, the choice of the right gene to engineer in the case of multigene families, understanding of related competing pathways, prediction of spillover ... specificity of the pathway, availability of tissue-specific promoters, knowledge of the inter- and intra-cellular transport mechanisms for intermediates and end-products of the pathway, and knowledge of...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 05:20

... initiation (Fig 1) The chromatin loading of MCM2-7 depends on the loading of Cdt1 and Cdc6, which in turn depend on the loading of ORC This step- Fig Regulation of the pre-RC The pre-RC functions to ... is also co-dependent with Cdc45, Dpb11, and Sld3; binding of any of Regulation of S Phase 47 these proteins depended on the presence of the others (Kubota et al., 2003; Takayama et al., 2003) ... characterization of Xlinked mutants of Drosophila melanogaster which are sensitive to mutagens Genetics 84:485–506 Brown GW, Kelly TJ (1999) Cell cycle regulation of Dfp1, an activator of the Hsk1...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2013, 21:20

... accompaniment of the CCGS John A 40 41 42 43 See Arts and 10 of the NSR Regulations; Arts 14 and 15 of the Economic Zone Edict; Arts and 15 of the Environmental Edict; and Art 11 of the Decree of the ... the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, June 1990, ‘On Measures of Securing the Implementation of the Edict of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet of 26 November 1984 “On Intensifying ... the NSR Regulations, as stated in Article (quoted above), include regulation of navigation, on the basis of non-discrimination These regulations are to apply to all vessels, regardless of nationality,84...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 09:20

... repression of their target genes Indeed, several examples of feedback regulation that involve miRNAs have been reported Below, we attempt to summarize our recent understanding of feedback regulation of ... Recently, the mechanisms of transcription and the functional roles of miRNAs associated with MAPK signaling have been revealed miR-21 is one of the most interesting examples of an miRNA that is associated ... act as feedback regulators of signal cascades miR-34a is one of the most interesting examples of an miRNA that is associated with a complicated regulatory mechanism of gene expression Initially,...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 19:20

... displacement of homeostasis; (b) reprogramming of central carbohydrate metabolism; and (c) stabilization of a new state of metabolic homeostasis with respect to carbohydrate metabolism Simulation of metabolite ... activities of enzymes in central carbohydrate metabolism during cold exposure (A–C) Vmax values of three invertase isoforms: vInv, nInv and eInv (D) Vmax of SPS (E, F) Vmax values of FrcK and ... increase in carbohydrate content (starch and soluble carbohydrates) during that time period of cold exposure Effect of cold exposure on levels of soluble carbohydrates and starch Contents of leaf...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 22:20

... direct dephosphorylation of Ser112 and negative regulation of the ERK pathway via p38 MAPK, both of which lead to impaired phosphorylation of Ser112 [70] After dephosphorylation of Ser112, Ser136 becomes ... translocation of Bax and Bad to mitochondria independently of caspase activation [77,87] Phosphorylation of caspases Phosphorylation of caspases switches the cellular apoptotic signal on and off Caspase ... regulating the activity of an isoform of PP1, PP1a [3] Similarly, activation of caspase-8 and -3 is regulated through their phosphorylation and dephosphorylation Phosphorylation of caspase-8 at Tyr397...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 22:20

... general context of a promoter appears to be relevant because inversion of the site in the human Cdc25C promoter resulted in a deregulation of cell cycle-dependent transcription Deregulation is ... promoters, mutation of the CHR leads to a more pronounced deregulation than the alteration of the CDE [40] Another gene tested for its cell cycle regulation is the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein ... investigating downregulation of the cyclin B2 promoter is that after deletion or mutation of constitutively activating sites, such as the destruction of CCAAT-boxes, small levels of reporter activity...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... genetic diseases [47] Most analyses of the regulation of AP-2 and the interactions of the transcription factor with binding partners, as well as of the regulation of target gene expression, have ... treatment of the chick face with RA, and this is accompanied by an increase in apoptosis [73] The authors of this study ascribe the regulation of outgrowth of limb buds and patterning of the digits ... published Regulation of AP-2 and AP-2 target genes The expression of the AP-2a transcription factor is induced by different signal-transducing agents, such as retinoic acid (RA), cAMP, phorbol...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... modifications of HSFs in different tissues and organs during development of an organism or differentiation of certain cell types This lack of knowledge severely hampers the understanding of the physiological ... certain aspects of the neural development although, to date, no lucid co-localization has been reported Regulation of HSFs HSF1–HSF4: competitors and collaborators The first example of interplay ... strict regulation becomes necessary for the correct expression of HSF2 target genes Indeed, when miR18-mediated regulation of HSF2 was disrupted in male germ cells in vivo, expression of HSF2...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 04:20

... the regulation of miR-27 expression Our data suggest that the miR-27 gene family is potentially an important class of negative regulators of adipogenesis and may play a role in the regulation of ... relevant role of miR-27 in the regulation of adipose tissue functions in vivo, we examined the expression of miR-27 in the genetically obese ob ⁄ ob mice The 2352 expression levels of both miR-27a ... suggesting that downregulation of miR-27 is not sufficient to promote adipogenesis We performed a time course study to gain further insights into the role of miR-27 during different stages of adipogenesis...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 08:20

... molecular weights of 161.8, 28.2 and 13.2 kDa, respectively Regulation of cathepsin B activity The formation of the cathepsin B ⁄ cystatin C complex was seen as a shift of the elution peak of cathepsin ... the presence of various concentrations of 2A2 mAb The binding of 2A2 mAb was followed by native gel electrophoresis Increasing the concentration of 2A2 mAb at a fixed molar ratio of cathepsin ... the conformational changes of the active site of cathepsin B, the results obtained in the present study provide a specific mechanism for the regulation of the activity of cathepsin B, which can...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 11:20