alzheimer s disease as a convergence syndrome

... kinases and phosphatases [3] One particular tau kinase pertinent to metal dyshomeostasis in AD is glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) GSK3 has recently been implicated as a critical kinase involved ... Ceruloplasmin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer s disease but not Parkinson s disease Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 8, 190–197 Hye A, Lynham S, Thambisetty M, Causevic M, Campbell J, Byers ... iron and zinc in Alzheimer s disease senile plaques J Neurol Sci 158, 47–52 18 Maynard CJ, Bush AI, Masters CL, Cappai R & Li QX (2005) Metals and amyloid-b in Alzheimer s disease Int J Exp Pathol...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 10:20

... drugs on risk of Alzheimer' s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies Bmj 2003, 327:128 Stewart WF, Kawas C, Corrada M, Metter EJ: Risk of Alzheimer' s disease and ... 23:134-147 Shimohama S, Tanino H, Kawakami N, Okamura N, Kodama H, Yamaguchi T, Hayakawa T, Nunomura A, Chiba S, Perry G, Smith MA, Fujimoto S: Activation of NADPH oxidase in Alzheimer' s disease brains ... 120 Ishii K, Tokuda T, Matsushima T, Miya F, Shoji S, Ikeda S, Tamaoka A: Pravastatin at 10 mg/day does not decrease plasma levels of either amyloid-beta (Abeta) 40 or Abeta 42 in humans Neurosci...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... 5¢-CACAACGCCACCAACCATCAGA CCGATGATAGCACCCTTGTTAGAACCCAC-3¢; Abstart, 5¢-GCGTAGGGTCGACATATGGACGCTGAATT CCGTCACG-3¢; Abstop, 5¢-CCTGCCGAGCTCCTATTA CACAACGCCACCAACCATCAG-3¢ The PCR solution was prepared ... gels (A, C) and 1% agarose gels (B,D), and proteins were visualized by Coomassie stain Lanes HS and LS are molecular mass standards, with the molecular mass in kDa given on the left (E) 1% agarose ... progress has been made since the sequence of Ab was first determined, high-resolution structural analysis of Ab monomer and its assemblies has been hampered because of the lack of an affordable source...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 13:20

... isoforms, whereas MAP 1A and MAP1B sequential proteolysis results from caspase and calpain activation This work confirms the cross-talk between caspase and calpain and identifies a novel mechanism associated ... Although calpains may enhance caspase activity, they can also function to block the activation of caspases For example, calpains can cleave caspase rendering it incapable of activating caspase and ... possible cascade of events involving three protease systems: calpain-induced cathepsin release, cathepsin-mediated caspase activation and caspase-mediated calpastatin degradation leading to enhancement...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 10:21

... Neurotoxicity assay) He participated in analyses and interpretation of data He drafted the manuscript AG has been involved in analyses and interpretation of data and statistical analysis She helped to draft ... viability was calculated by dividing the absorbance of wells containing samples by the absorbance of wells containing medium alone Statistical Analysis Statistical parameters (mean, standard deviation ... brain sections of cortical tissues from an AD case Original magnification was ×4 and scale bar was 200 μm Davtyan et al Journal of Translational Medicine 2011, 9:127 http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/9/1/127...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 22:20

... by A was at least partially responsible for AD-associated degeneration, others had pointed to microglial phagocytosis as a desirable consequence of activation For the purposes of discussion, ... triggered by anti -A antibodies Furthermore, the investigators also found that the CAA was accompanied by an increase in hemorrhages – similar to a previous report [19] – and a vascular accumulation ... Paris D, Humphrey J, Quadros A, Patel N, Crescentini R, Crawford F, Mullan M: Vasoactive effects of A beta in isolated human cerebrovessels and in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer' s disease: ...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... per age per marker as noted in legends and text Quantitative comparisons were performed on sections processed at the same time Single ANOVA statistical analysis was used to assess the significance ... image analysis, data analysis and presentation and assisted with perfusions and animal care; OY performed immunohistochemistry and image analysis; DC assisted with the design of the study and ... traditional image analysis approach Thus, this method is shown to accurately assess amyloid burden in transgenic mouse models of AD In addition, the use of object-based analysis provides data...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... Total sPLA2-IIA-positive astrocytes Plaque-associated sPLA2-IIA-positive astrocytes2 CA3 region Inferior temporal gyrus 1Astrocyte counts are given as percent of all GFAP-positive astrocytes Values ... mean postmortem interval (hours) for AD cases was 2.59 ± 0.45 and for ND cases was 2.63 ± 0.62 (mean ± SD) Stimulation of sPLA2-IIA mRNA expression in astrocytes from human post-mortem brains Astrocytes ... periphery, sPLA2-IIA is regarded as an inflammatory protein, and is involved in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, acute lung injury, sepsis and cancer [25,29-32] Secretory sPLA2-IIA...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... leukocyte antigen; NINCDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological, Communicative Diseases and Stroke -Alzheimer' s Disease and Related Diseases Association; NK, natural killer; OPTIMA, Oxford ... Komo S, Yamaoka LH, Farrer LA, Auerbach SH, Saunders AM, Roses AD, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA: No association between the HLA -A2 allele and Alzheimer disease Neurogenetics 1999, 2:177-182 Lehmann ... three had more than 60 AD cases: one Japanese study [18] (122 AD cases) and two Caucasian, Middleton et al 1999 [19] (95 AD cases) and our previous study [9] (299 AD cases from three cohorts; however,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 22:20

... be possible at any stage of the disease Genetic analysis is the most effective method for biological analysis and disease diagnosis using tissue, body fluids, and microbial analysis DNAbased detection ... level analysis and early stage analysis of diseases This single chip will be useful for multiple analyses of DNA hybridization, protein analysis, and other quantitative-based analysis As revealed ... barcode assay (BCA) is more than million times more sensitive compared to ELISA, and it uses amyloid b derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs) as a marker BCA assay can also be used to diagnose AD with about...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... ensure all SNPs across all datasets were typed according to the same DNA strand, each dataset was normalized using HapMap phase data as the reference set We merged each study with the HapMap ... co-investigators (alphabetical order) Abbreviations AD: Alzheimer s disease; ADNI: Alzheimer s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; bp: base pair; CI: confidence interval; GWAS: genome-wide association ... PICALM associated with Alzheimer s disease Nat Genet 2009, 41:1088-1093 Seshadri S, Fitzpatrick AL, Ikram MA, DeStefano AL, Gudnason V, Boada M, Bis JC, Smith AV, Carassquillo MM, Lambert JC, Harold...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... Microsystems It includes such characteristics as institutional responsiveness, social trust, and social cohesion The exosystem includes institutions, organizations, and policies that constrain and ... generation Father s involvement has also been seen in some research to have salutogenic effects on aspects of father s health, father s selfdevelopment Some research has also suggested that father s ... diagnosed diseases in midlife, whereas only 25% of subjects who rated both their mothers and fathers high in parental caring had diagnosed diseases in midlife.” (Russek & Schwartz, 1997, p 144) Associated...

Ngày tải lên: 12/02/2014, 11:20

... cardiovascular disease, also called ischemic heart disease, the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients narrow These diseases can cause strokes and heart disease (heart attacks) ... normal aging This topic is discussed later in 23 24 Alzheimer s Disease and Other Dementias Ten Warning Signs of Alzheimer s Disease The Alzheimer s Association has come up with a list of 10 warning ... Psychological Disorders Alzheimer s Disease and Other Dementias Psychological Disorders Addiction Alzheimer s Disease and Other Dementias Anxiety Disorders Child Abuse and Stress Disorders Depression...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 18:20

... plasma and central nervous system (brain and CSF) [105] If so, the ratio of [Ab]brain ⁄ [Ab]plasma or [Ab]CSF ⁄ [Ab]plasma should be the same in all transgenic models A much higher plasma Ab ... Contact Ratio brain Ab ⁄ CSF Ab CSF Ab Ratio brain Ab ⁄ plasma Ab Plasma Ab Brain Ab (pmolÆg)1) Age-of -onset (months) humans (Table 1) It has been proposed that Ab exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium ... and aggregated forms of tau, a microtubule-associated protein that normally serves to assemble and stabilize microtubules Genetics and risk factors implicated in Alzheimer s disease pathogenesis...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... Increased age at baseline was associated with lower scores at each interval in all three domains of memory, visuospatial/cognitive ability and language, while higher education was associated ... Gender, age, education, and ethnic background were included as covariates in subsequent analyses The GEE analyses yields beta values which represent associations between a factor score and variables ... Evaluation [19] Abstract reasoning was evaluated using WAIS-R Similarities subtest [66], and the non-verbal Identities and Oddities subtest of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale [37] Visuospatial ability...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:20

... OUTWARD SIGNS OF ALZHEIMER S DISEASE Although Alzheimer s disease causes many changes in an affected person s brain, these changes cannot be seen until after a patient has died and an autopsy is ... FOCUS: ALZHEIMER S DISEASE AND RELATED DISORDERS A gradual loss of memory, affecting a person s skills and behavior, characterizes Alzheimer s disease In Helen s case, she slowly lost her ability ... central nervous system conditions that cause progressive deficits in memory and cognition (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson s disease, Huntington s disease, subdural hematoma, normal-pressure...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 23:20

... important to accurately diagnose dementia as early as possible This chapter outlines the basic elements of a clinical diagnostic evaluation for Alzheimer s disease (AD) and other dementias; and also ... R, Heiss WD Positron emission tomography for diagnosis of Alzheimer s disease and vascular dementia J Neural Transm Suppl 1998;53:237–250 108 Alexopoulos GS Vascular disease, depression, and dementia ... ask how a table and a chair are alike) Abstract responses such as “both furniture” indicate better abstraction ability than concrete answers such as “You sit on both.” As items become increasingly...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 23:20

... over traditional Ab-antibody based assays, such as ELISA and immunoprecipitation, for measuring c-secretase activity by allowing a direct measure of c-secretase activity The Ab-antibody assays would ... CA, USA) Results Assay design This novel c-secretase assay involves cotransfection of a substrate-activator and a reporter gene into mammalian cells, as outlined in Fig 1A The substrate-activator ... c-secretase cleavage resembles the cleavage of signal peptides by signal peptide peptidases (SPP), an inhibitor of SPP was also tested in our assay Both c-secretase and SPP cleave their substrates...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... of persons without the disease who are accurately diagnosed as not having the disease) , and what is meant by disease. ” As we go to press, AD remains a clinical diagnosis which for years has been ... diseases, that due to AD is on the rise (Mebane-Sims & Alzheimer s Association, 2009) (Figure 1.1) on-Based Es lati tim pu at es Po Based Estim nicate Cli s Alzheimer s disease (AD) Vascular dementias ... dementia syndrome Disease category Infections Neoplasms Traumatic brain disease Autoimmune diseases Metabolic disorders Toxic disorders Nutritional/Deprivation “Degenerative” dementias Vascular dementias...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 21:20