african index of economic freedom 2003 11

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 06:20

... economic freedom index positive Level of the Scully-Slottje Mixed economic freedom index results Level of the EFI 1This study suggests joint causation Note: EFI denotes the economic freedom index ... Journal economic freedom index and finds that the average level of economic freedom precedes growth Farr, Lord, and Wolfenbarger (1998) identify joint causation of economic freedom and economic ... civil freedom (protection against unreasonable visitations, access to fair trials, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech) The EFI is a means of measuring the degree of economic...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 19:20

... intervention The South African Index of Multiple Deprivation for Children Provincial Indices of Multiple Deprivation In 2006, a team of researchers from the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social ... and adults of all ages) These domains were then combined to form an overall index of multiple deprivation South African Index of Multiple Deprivation for Children Following the release of the PIMD, ... from www.hsrcpress.ac.za National quintiles of municipalities 29 The South African Index of Multiple Deprivation for Children Map – South African Index of Multiple Deprivation for Children 2001...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 12:20

... meaning of Law of Nations (droit des gens, Völkerrecht) Since this body of law was formulated, and largely created, by another officer of state, who was in charge of a separate department of public ... the agency of an officer of state in charge of judicial administration (praetor urbanus) This additional legal material bears some similarity to the English law of equity But the bulk of what, ... to as ‘officers’ law’ (jus honorarium): every praetor codified and promulgated it for his year of office in his edictum Of course, there was also a steady stream of special enactments of various...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... how far the economists of that period were aware of the phenomenon that is called Liquidity Preference in the Keynesian economics of our own day Marshall spoke of a law of hoarding according to ... the value of purchasing power of money as the reciprocal of the price level The Austrians distrusted index numbers,10 and felt more theoretical qualms concerning the nature of the value of money ... in the entire history of economics and one of the most significant strides toward an economic theory that is to be not only quantitative but also numerical Index numbers of production followed...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... price-level concept The trend of opinion in favor of the idea of multiple price levels eventually triumphed conspicuously in Lord Keyness Treatise of 1930, Book II History of economic analysis 1064 ... amounts of liquid means they keep on checking account Second, he assumed see A New Index of the General Price Level from 1875, Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1924) and of replacing ... toward numerical economics, principally associated with the names of des Essars, Kinley, Kemmerer, and, above all, Irving Fisher.6 On the fortunes of the concept of velocity of goods, see Marget,...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... amount of ‘cash in circulation’ with the public, p the index number of the cost of living, k the number of ‘consumption units,’ also an index figure, representing the physical complement of the ... The Cash Balance Approach Walras often spoke of the quantity of money But the central concept of his analysis of money is the encaisse désirée, that is, the amount of cash that people individually ... example of the futility—largely due to inadequate analytic power of the participants of so many economic controversies I take this opportunity of noticing another controversy (or set of controversies)...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... concept of capital Nothing came of this, nor did the few attempts that were made to interpret 13 One of them is the old issue: control of ‘money’ vs control of ‘credit.’ Considerations of the ... aversion of many French authorities to the credit-creation idea For instance, one of the leading purposes of Professor Rist’s History of Monetary and Credit Theories is to combat the ‘confusion’ of ... speak of monetary theories of cycles, a double meaning of the word theory (see Part I) leaps to mind A monetary theory of cycles is an explanatory hypothesis of cycles that runs in terms of money...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... Spiethoff’s work on cycles with the work of Robertson, which though independent of Spiethoff’s, displays affinity in important respects .11 There is no similarity in method Spiethoff 11 Professor ... theory of Hayek—increased production of durable plant and equipment (‘lengthening of the period of production’) through a fall of the money rate of interest below the marginal rate of profit Second, ... process History of economic analysis 1098 Engels); the tendency of the rate of profit to fall (whether or not satisfactorily motivated); overproduction and anarchy (uncertainty) of capitalist decision;...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... problem of the influence of the introduction of machines upon the interests of labor) Corrections have been mainly applied to the old theory of production by means of a closer analysis of the ... process of saving and of the effects that different kinds of saving will exert upon the economic situation of a country Many other examples could be cited in Introduction and plan 111 1 order to show ... taught at a faculty of medicine Such a faculty has professors of surgery, internal medicine, and so on who teach the practical art of treating patients But there are also professors of chemistry, physiology,...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... imperative because of two different sets of facts First, Marshall, on the strength of his frequent use of the concept of the (small) individual industry, to which in particular most of his diagrams ... History of economic analysis 111 8 of monopoly is not the traditional one In fact the traditional concept can be satisfactorily defined only by the criterion that it admits the application of the ... needed History of economic analysis 112 1 was possible, after 1918, to speak of agricultural, or labor, or industrial economists Again, research institutes like the National Bureau of Economic Research...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... the work of the Institute of Economics of the U.S.S.R was more and more reduced to descriptive treatment of the practical problems of the Soviet government and to mutual recriminations of slaves ... Soviet Union,’ Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1949 Professor Hunter there translated a chapter of a textbook by Professor Khachaturov on the Economic Principles of Railroad Transportation ... von Gottl’s ‘nomos’ by ‘norm’) 11 One of the causes of the scientific sterility of Russian economics in the period under survey was, of course, the fact that some of the rulers, in particular Lenin,...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... so that he felt himself to have led economics out of 150 years of error into the land of definitive truth—a claim that cannot History of economic analysis 113 8 be put to test here but was as ... spelled out the implications of this in Chapter 24 of the General Theory Thus, though his scientific message appealed to many of the best minds of the economic profession, it also appealed to ... talkers on the fringes of professional economics who gleaned nothing from the General Theory except the New Economics of Spending and for whom he brought back the happy times of Mrs Marcet (see Part...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... were the questions of Keynesian underemployment equilibrium, of the ‘own-rate’ versus the ‘loan-fund’ theory of interest, of the principle of aggregative (macroeconomic) theory, of the relation ... April 1937, pp 152–3) History of economic analysis 114 6 [3 THE IMPACT OF THE KEYNESIAN MESSAGE] By means of those three basic functions or schedules a system of three equilibrium conditions ... purpose of underlining this or that possibility but none of them, taken by itself, does full justice to the thought of Keynes, who wisely refrained from presenting any of them himself History of economic...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... econometrics” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 83, 118 1 118 6 Geweke, J., Zhou, G (1996) “Measuring the pricing error of the arbitrage pricing theory” The Review of Financial Studies 9, 557–587 ... “The surprise index for the multivariate normal distribution” Annals of Mathematical Statistics 27, 113 0 113 5 Granger, C.W.J (1986) “Comment” (on McNees, 1986) Journal of Business and Economic Statistics ... forecasting macroeconomic time series using real business-cycle model priors” Journal of Monetary Economics 34, 497–510 Iowa Economic Forecast, produced quarterly by the Institute for Economic Research...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 18:20

... situation was of great importance in ascertaining the levels of the rate of profits and the rents of different qualities of land For instance, when discussing the tendency of the rate of profits to ... distribution Section 11. 3 turns to the central classical concept of “physical real cost” and exemplifies its presence in the works of a number of major authors Section 11. 4 deals with some of the reasons ... advantage of Ricardo’s method of approach is that, at the cost of considerable simplification, it makes possible an understanding of how the rate of profit is determined without the need of a method...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 02:20

... importance of this debate was not limited to the field of economic history, but also touched upon a central problem of Marxist economic theory, that of ‘primitive accumulation’ One of the main ... ‘Changes in the Rate of Profit and Switches of Techniques’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1966 Robinson J V ‘The Production Function and the Theory of Capital’, Review of Economic Studies, 1953–4 ... generalization of von Neumann’s model in terms of linear programming—a generalization consisting of the introduction of diverse scarce resources and the use of the model to solve the problem of their...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 04:20

... return of percent, a standard deviation of expected returns of 35 percent, a correlation coefficient with the market of Ϫ0.3, and a beta coefficient of Ϫ0.5 Security B has an expected return of 12 ... deviation of returns of 10 percent, a correlation with the market of 0.7, and a beta coefficient of 1.0 Which security is riskier? Why? Suppose you owned a portfolio consisting of $250,000 worth of long-term ... expected return of 10 percent, a beta coefficient of 0.9, and a standard deviation of expected returns of 35 percent Stock Y has an expected return of 12.5 percent, a beta coefficient of 1.2, and a...

Ngày tải lên: 25/01/2014, 23:20

... China 107 Tanzania 107 Bangladesh 109 Nepal 110 India 111 Iran 111 Pakistan 111 Guyana 114 Benin 115 Azerbaijan 116 Mali 117 Burkina Faso 118 Syria 119 Nigeria 120 Sierra Leone 121 Ukraine 122 ... measures of economic freedom from Economic Freedom of the World: 2 011 Annual Report They find that higher economic freedom more personal choice, freedom of exchange, and protection of private ... measurement of economic freedom is an essential element of scholarly research on these vitally important topics The Economic Freedom of the World index for 2010 The construction of the index published...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 20:20

... 2 .11 (95) 1.84 (103) 3.24 (111 ) 5.32 (111 ) 5.46 (111 ) 5.92 (108) 5.91 (104) Area 5: Regulation of Credit, Labor, and Business 4.42 (77) 4.67 (71) 5.20 (62) 5.00 (83) 5.47 (88) 5.84 (92) 5.55 (112 ) ... (97) 3.79 (106) 4.17 (117 ) 4.61 (117 ) 5.44 (116 ) 5.40 (118 ) 5.33 (118 ) Area 1: Size of Government 4.72 (66) 3.55 (95) 5.02 (75) 6.71 (38) 5.65 (82) 4.84 (115 ) 4.21 (124) 4.76 (114 ) Area 2: Legal ... (107) 5.03 (111 ) 6.29 (85) 6.47 (77) 6.46 (79) Area 1: Size of Government 4.14 (84) 2.34 (112 ) 4.03 (105) 3.51 (115 ) 4.30 (124) 4.45 (118 ) 4.71 (115 ) Area 2: Legal Structure & Security of Property...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 07:20