adapting guidelines for use in low income countries

... highest in low and middle income countries [21] Abegunde et al calculated that chronic diseases were responsible for around 50% of the total disease burden in 23 selected low and middle income countries ... disease in low- income and middle -income countries: a priority for primary health care Lancet 2008, 372:940-949 16 Busse R, Blümel M, Schell-Kreinsen D, Zenter A: Tackling Chronic Disease in Europe ... litmus test for healthsystems strengthening in low- income and middle -income countries Lancet 2010, 376:1785-1797 14 Reddy K, Shah B, Varghese C, Ramadoss A: Chronic diseases Responding to the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 14:21

... Goals (also available in French) Working paper Improving Health System Financing in Low- Income Countries (forthcoming) Working paper Opportunities for Global Health Initiatives in the Health Systems ... http://www.who.int/management/wp6.pdf Dovlo D How are we managing? Monitoring and assessing trends in management strengthening for health service delivery in low- income countries Background paper prepared for ... management This includes: o supporting countries, with a focus on low- income countries, in using the framework and documenting how leadership and management strengthening contributes to improving service...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 14:20

... volunteering programs are increasingly being offered by businesses, either alone or in association with other businesses [15,16] For example, the Brookings Institute recently created an Initiative ... collect data Two approaches were used: a survey for eliciting information from Fellows and Pfizer Supervisors, and structured in depth interviews to gather information from Partner Organizations ... research and clinical care facility Creation of preventive maintenance schedules and routines, including budgets for necessary replacement parts Training in research methods, design of clinical trial...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... been occurring for decades in both high -income countries (e.g in the USA, see Hooker) and low- income countries, but is seen by some as becoming more urgent in low- income countries because Page ... affordable This article provides a review of the health workforce skill mix literature, focusing on task shifting in lowincome countries Task shifting is defined as delegating tasks to existing ... Context of Scaling-up Priority Interventions in Low- Income Countries: Case Studies from Tanzania and Chad Department for International Development (DFID), LSHTM Health Economics and Financing Programme;...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 17:20

... different CD4 starting points is necessary information for making informed choices about early or late start of treatment Studies in low income countries have found that patients starting HAART early ... provide adequate information to make a rational clinical decision on this issue in a low income setting Our overall aim is to inform the ethical dilemma of choosing between providing HIV treatment ... six observational studies showing survival before initiation of HAART in low- income settings with accurate information on stratified survival according to baseline CD4 count (table 1); two from...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... measured in relation to the debt ratio thresholds for the relevant country grouping leading to an assessment of grant eligibility The World Bank will allocate funds for low- income countries taking into ... combination of mechanisms for financing the grant allocations - replacing foregone credit reflows through additional donor financing, reducing the concessionality of IDA credits, and levying ... The Debt Sustainability Framework sets out a proposal by the World Bank for identifying countries in actual or potential debt distress situations leading to a formula for determining grant eligibility...

Ngày tải lên: 28/10/2013, 08:15

... placed for each country The allocation of IDA funds (grant and or credit) is tied to the Performance Based Allocation (PBA) system used by IDA which in Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries: ... Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, which instead was confined to public and publicly guaranteed external debt Domestic debt, for example, is a serious concern in many low income countries ... errors in forecasting due to uncertainty in growth of the repayment capacity and unpredictable exogenous shocks 16 Another issue that has come up in the use of the PV of debt in estimating debt indicators...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... reiterate that the principal objective of the framework is to assist low- income countries maintain sustainable debt levels and reduce the risk to IDA of debt problems in the countries in which IDA will ... Footnote 19 in “Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries by Mark Allen and Gobind Nankani, World Bank and IMF, February 2004 exceed the threshold in the next year and will continue to so for at ... CPIA index ranked in ascending order The CPIA for each country as described below will be the average ranking of all the indicators in the index marked from a low of to a high of Accordingly,...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... Bank allocates funds for low- income countries taking into account both “need” and “performance.” The CPIA is an important input in calculating a country’s performance rating In order to establish ... times higher for the governments in the top-performing quintile than for those in the poorest-performing quintile The CPIA rates countries primarily on the basis of current performance in relation ... threshold targets World Bank staff uses a formula to divide up the funds available for low- income countries that includes “need” (income per capita) and “performance.” For the fiscal years 2003 to...

Ngày tải lên: 06/11/2013, 23:15

... concerns that it is intended to address Financing of Grants Grant financing during IDA 14 will compromise the future viability of IDA as credit reflows are financing an increasing share of the total ... country, maintaining the principle that prevailed during IDA 13 that grant funds will be available for IDA only countries, a grant allocation will not be possible Instead, the combination of ... 50 years including a grace period of 10 years, changed in 1987 Since then, the repayment period for IDA only countries has been shortened to 40 years and 35 years for blend countries In each case...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... concerns that it is intended to address Financing of Grants Grant financing during IDA 14 will compromise the future viability of IDA as credit reflows are financing an increasing share of the total ... country, maintaining the principle that prevailed during IDA 13 that grant funds will be available for IDA only countries, a grant allocation will not be possible Instead, the combination of ... The starting point for the allocation of grants is the system in place for allocating IDA funds based on the PBA system that was described in the previous section This ensures the link with policy...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... Indicators of fiscal vulnerability should also be estimated for all low income countries The PBA System Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries: Further Consideration on an Operational Framework ... be implemented calling for higher volumes of concessional lending and grants Given the importance of DSAs for each low income country in the application of the DSF and borrowing from the IMF, ... declines below the recommended minimum of 3-4 months Low income countries that have liberalized their capital accounts should monitor the level of shortterm debt to international reserves Indicators...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... framework summarized in the paper starts with a grouping of all low income countries in accordance with the performance of institutions and effectiveness of policies followed by choices of the ... provide a solid basis for the international community, in general, and IDA, in particular, to allocate credits and grants to low- income countries in ways that foster debt sustainability and achievement ... and Indicators 65 Low income countries that exceed the debt thresholds will find that their capacity to borrow will decline There are 34 countries that will be grant-dependent during IDA 14 Since...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... Debt Indicators Liquidity Monitoring Ratios a) The Debt Service Ratio is the proportion of exports of goods and non factor services that is absorbed for debt service payments, i.e., interest, principal ... of interest of the loan portfolio to the growth rate of GDP determines whether debt service is growing faster than the economy Fiscal Indicators a) The ratio of government debt (domestic and foreign) ... generate foreign exchange receipts Only the current year’s PV is compared to the average exports of goods and services of the current and two preceding years Only the current year’s PV is used in both...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... Sustainability in Low Income Countries, Allen and Nankani, IMF & IDA, February 2004 12 Debt Sustainability and Financing Terms in IDA 14, IDA, June 2004 13 External Debt and Growth, Catherine ... the numeric scores, they are still highly indicative The following tables present the World Bank’s aggregated performance ratings of low- income borrowing countries relative to one another As stated, ... present nominal scores The following tables present the World Bank’s aggregated performance ratings of low- income borrowing governments relative to one another While the letter grades and the quintiles...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... into debt-servicing difficulties A key empirical finding is that low- income countries with weaker policies and institutions tend to face debt-servicing problems at lower levels of debt than countries ... The nominal interest rate is calculated in the template as debt service due in the current period over the nominal debt stock in the past period Since interest rates on loans to low- income countries ... payments increase Since the share of concessional debt in total external debt is large for low- income countries, the NPV of debt may be preferred to the nominal stock as a debt stock indicator for...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 14:20

... Earned Income Credit (EIC) Worksheet Investment Income If You Are Filing Form 1040 Form 1040 Use this worksheet to figure investment income for the earned income credit when you file Form 1040 Interest ... D on Form 1040, line 13 The Greens read the instructions for Form 1040, lines 64a and 64b In Step they figure their investment income to be $4,200 ($200 interest income from Form 1040, line 8a, ... filing foreign earned jointly) if you have income) two qualifying Your investment children, income must be $3,150 or less • $36,052 ($41,132 You must have for married filing earned income jointly)...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 20:20

... limiting factor for the resolution of the instrument The following tests demonstrate that with the benefit of the time averaging feature inherent in this design, and utilising a conservative gain ... the circuitry make the system eminently suitable for use in portable battery-operated instruments, in addition to its potential for incorporation into laboratory instrumentation where the effects ... R13 k3 D3 LED Low bat MC33464 GND Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a prototype instrument used for scintillation counting stages, introduced errors and spurious responses will be indistinguishable...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 01:20

... Bank allocates funds for low- income countries taking into account both “need” and “performance.” The CPIA is an important input in calculating a country’s performance rating In order to establish ... that increasing the weight of poverty in the formula for allocating IDA funds would reduce the effectiveness of the use of scarce IDA resources DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES: ... government revenue were eliminated for the reasons set out in paragraph 18 and thresholds were set for the remaining three DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES: POLICY AND RESOURCE...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 03:20