absorption spontaneous and stimulated emission
Stimulated Emission and Optical Gain in Semiconductors
Ngày tải lên :
23/10/2013, 20:15
... the interaction Hamiltonian for optical absorption and stimulated emission The operators Gr and Gs, representing intraband relaxation and spontaneous emission, respectively, can be described ... ð3:18bÞ Stimulated Emission and Optical Gain 45 where Eg is the bandgap energy and mr is called the reduced mass In Eq (3.16), f1 and f2 are given by Eqs (3.6a) and (3.6b) with Eqs (3.13a) and (3.13b), ... calculations of amplification and absorption, and the positive g describes amplification and the negative g describes absorption (absorption factor is ¼ Àg ¼ jgj) For spontaneous emission, from a similar...
- 44
- 280
- 0
Changes of temperature data for energy studies over time and their impact on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The case of Athens and Thessaloniki – Greece
Ngày tải lên :
05/09/2013, 16:10
... demands is 28.5% and for Thessaloniki 13.2% Obviously, directly proportional to the energy demand for heating and cooling is the fuel (diesel oil) and electricity consumption and hence the CO2 emissions, ... indicator and the basis for calculations of heating and cooling energy demand [1] or for estimating bin data and heating and cooling degree-days at any base [2, 10, 11] Table shows the monthly and ... and need further investigation, since the decade time horizon is relative short for drawing solid conclusions regarding the climate and consequently the estimation of energy demands and CO2 emissions...
- 14
- 548
- 0
The effect of EGR rates on NOX and smoke emissions of an IDI diesel engine fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel blends
Ngày tải lên :
05/09/2013, 16:11
... and BTE Moreover, the BSFC and BSEC increased, using all test fuels, especially over 20% EGR • Smoke opacity, CO and CO2 emissions increased with increasing EGR rates On the other hand, NOX emission ... performance and emissions from neat and transesterified cotton seed oil Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 2009, 3, 190–197 Pereira R.G et al Exhaust emissions and electric ... of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 2, Issue 3, 2011, pp.477-490 481 Results and discussion The results and discussion based on the effect of EGR rates on engine performance and emission...
- 14
- 647
- 0
An experimental investigation of performance and exhaust emission of a diesel engine fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel and its blends
Ngày tải lên :
05/09/2013, 16:11
... consumption and thermal efficiency were calculated The emissions such as CO, HC, and NOx were measured using exhaust gas analyzer and smoke with smoke meter These performance and emission characteristics ... JOME and its blends was found to be higher than the neat diesel fuel • The emission of JOME and its blends showed reduction in carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbon and smoke emissions where as NOx emission ... Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission with the BMEP NOx emission increased with the engine load The diesel fuel showed lowest NOx emission and the blending with JOME showed increased NOx emission Comparatively...
- 12
- 568
- 0
Tài liệu Air Pollution And GHG Emissions indicAtors for roAd trAnsPort And ElEctricity sEctors docx
Ngày tải lên :
17/02/2014, 10:20
... pollution and GHG emissions in the transport and energy sectors; • Assess and measure their trends and tendencies, based on a reference point; and • Support the setting of priorities and track ... Thailand, and Vietnam Summary results are presented in Table and Table 6, with focus on the availability and importance for assessing air pollution and GHG emissions from road transport and electricity ... List of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions Indicators and Input Parameters for Road Transport 14 Table 2: List of Air Pollution and GHG Emissions Indicators and Input Parameters...
- 154
- 581
- 0
Tài liệu APICE: Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitigation of Port, Industries and Cities Emissions pdf
Ngày tải lên :
17/02/2014, 22:20
... collected and analyzed in each study area, thus producing an extremely large and complete data base which will constitute a firm reference for any future study and/ or development Number, emission ... implications for policy and other users An important feature of the conference is that it brings together scientists and other stakeholders from the air pollution, climate change, policy and health communities ... Quality – Science and Application will be held in Athens, 19-23 March 2012 The conference is one of most prominent forums for discussing the latest scientific developments, applications and implications...
- 4
- 452
- 0
Direct HFC and PFC Emissions from Use of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment pptx
Ngày tải lên :
08/03/2014, 19:20
... Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2005 2.2 Material Balance Method The Material Balance Method tracks emissions of HFCs and PFCs from equipment through a mass balance analysis Releases of HFCs and ... requires data from inventories, purchase and service records, and the full and proper charges of equipment It includes emissions from equipment operation, servicing, and dis posal The Simplified Material ... guidance document addresses HFC and PFC emissions from users of refrigeration and air con ditioning equipment including household refriger ation, domestic air conditioning and heat pumps, mobile air...
- 20
- 484
- 0
Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions potx
Ngày tải lên :
09/03/2014, 01:20
... energy use and CO2 emissions in the chemical and petrochemical, iron and steel, non-metallic minerals, pulp and paper and non ferrous metals industries and assesses key systems such as motors and recycling ... and CO2 Emission Reduction Potentials and Policies in the Cement Industry, – September 2006 and other experts provided useful information and comments, in particular Andy O’Hare (Portland Cement ... Technique and Best Practice 48 Data Issues 49 Practical Application of Energy and CO2 Emission Indicators 51 Pulp, Paper and Printing 51 Iron and Steel 52 Cement 52 Chemicals and Petrochemicals...
- 324
- 2.1K
- 0
Báo cáo khoa học: Choline increases serum insulin in rat when injected intraperitoneally and augments basal and stimulated aceylcholine release from the rat minced pancreas in vitro pptx
Ngày tải lên :
17/03/2014, 09:20
... Breeding and Research Center, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa,Turkey) weighing 300–350 g were used in all experiments The animals were fed a standard pellet diet and tap water ad libitum and ... glucose and choline measurements In experiments and 3, rats were killed by rapid decapitation 10 after choline administration and Ó FEBS 2003 trunk blood was collected for serum insulin and glucose ... period and then stimulated for 60 with high potassium (50 mM) medium Perfusates from the entire 60 rest or stimulation periods were collected and assayed for acetylcholine Acetylcholine and choline...
- 9
- 338
- 0
synthesis, electrical measurement, and field emission properties of a-fe2o3 nanowires
Ngày tải lên :
20/03/2014, 13:08
... 10-6 torr The sweep voltage was 0–1100 V and the emission current was measured using Keithley 2410 Results and Discussion Figure 1a and b shows the top view and cross-section view of the Fe-coated ... a-Fe2O3 NWs, a-Fe2O3 film, and Fe film were present in stage I At this stage, for both samples I and II, short NWs (\100 nm) and long NWs ([500 nm) grew from the low and high degree defect regions ... resistance between the CAFM tip and the NW RNW and Rfilm are the resistances of the NW and the film, respectively The overall resistance (Roverall) is the sum of Rcontact, RNW, and Rfilm It can be expressed...
- 8
- 403
- 0
ultra-sharp a-fe2o3 nanoflakes growth mechanism and field-emission
Ngày tải lên :
20/03/2014, 13:11
... 245, 291, 408 and 499 cm−1 correspond to the α-Fe2 O3 phase [20], namely two A1g modes (225 and 499 cm−1 ) and three Eg modes (245, 291 and 408 cm−1 ) Those peaks locating at 552 and 671 cm−1 ... promising candidates as future field emission electron sources and displays (FEDs) REFERENCES FIGURE A schematic diagram of the formation and growth of α-Fe2 O3 nanoflakes FIGURE Typical field -emission ... [110] and the growth plane may be (110) where the oxygen is rich and Fe is deficient [13] Driven by the O-rich and Fe-deficient, at low temperatures (260 – 300 ◦ C), the diffusion of Fe atoms and...
- 5
- 293
- 0
Carbon Tariffs: Impacts on Technology Choice, Regional Competitiveness, and Global Emissions pdf
Ngày tải lên :
24/03/2014, 05:20
... asymmetry and border adjustment Section develops the model and solves for equilibrium quantities, profits, and emissions Sections and explore technology choice, foreign entry, offshoring and resulting ... Technology Choice, Competitiveness and Emissions decisions without and with border adjustment, respectively, and analyzes the consequences for global emissions Implications and promising directions for ... cement under full cap -and- trade allowance auctioning While both Demailly and Quirion (2006) and Ponssard and David Drake: Carbon Tariffs: Technology Choice, Competitiveness and Emissions Walker (2008)...
- 43
- 301
- 1
Báo cáo hóa học: " On the Morphology, Structure and Field Emission Properties of Silver-Tetracyanoquinodimethane Nanostructures" pptx
Ngày tải lên :
21/06/2014, 17:20
... field emission is high The slopes and intercedes of these plots in the high field region are the same, showing the effective emission area and the emission for the Ag-TCNQ nanowires constant and ... turn-on field And the main point for good field emission lies on the high conductivity and the regular array density Further work needs to be done to verify the difference between two phases and to improve ... directions and still mixed some phase II And the other samples grown at a temperature higher than 393 K are indexed to that tetragonal ˚ ˚ cell with a = b = 12.142 A, c = 17.049 A and ˚ 3, named...
- 6
- 403
- 0
Báo cáo hóa học: " Effect of Substrate Morphology on Growth and Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanotube Films" pptx
Ngày tải lên :
22/06/2014, 01:20
... aligned and clean BS-CNTs at a faster rate In situ optical emission spectroscopy has shown that both hydrogen and nitrogen are essential for the growth of aligned BS-CNTs by MPECVD process, and NH3 ... The emission patterns were recorded with increasing anode voltage Initially very few emission sites were found to be active But the number increased with increase in the applied field and emission ... USA; diameter: 0.5 mm and purity 99.99%), followed by vacuum annealing at 350 °C for making proper electrical contacts Distance between the cathode and anode was kept as cm and the current density...
- 8
- 368
- 0
Báo cáo hóa học: " Synthesis, Electrical Measurement, and Field Emission Properties of a-Fe2O3 Nanowires" potx
Ngày tải lên :
22/06/2014, 01:20
... 10-6 torr The sweep voltage was 0–1100 V and the emission current was measured using Keithley 2410 Results and Discussion Figure 1a and b shows the top view and cross-section view of the Fe-coated ... a-Fe2O3 NWs, a-Fe2O3 film, and Fe film were present in stage I At this stage, for both samples I and II, short NWs (\100 nm) and long NWs ([500 nm) grew from the low and high degree defect regions ... resistance between the CAFM tip and the NW RNW and Rfilm are the resistances of the NW and the film, respectively The overall resistance (Roverall) is the sum of Rcontact, RNW, and Rfilm It can be expressed...
- 8
- 270
- 0
báo cáo khoa học: " Production of viable male unreduced gametes in Brassica interspecific hybrids is genotype specific and stimulated by cold temperatures" potx
Ngày tải lên :
11/08/2014, 11:21
... conceptualization and experimental design ASM carried out the experimental work and data analysis, and drafted the manuscript WAC, MNN and GY supervised ASM and revised the manuscript All authors read and ... 4) Triads, pentads and hexads had nuclei with variable size: almost all pentads and hexads showed four large nuclei and one and two extra small nuclei respectively Pentad and hexad frequencies ... (2009) [19] and Cousin and Nelson (2009) [39] and bulked by pure seed methods The five B napus genotypes were “Surpass400_024DH”, “Trilogy”, “Westar_010DH”, “Monty_028DH” and “Boomer”, and are hereafter...
- 13
- 289
- 0
Báo cáo y học: " Azithromycin reduces spontaneous and induced inflammation in ΔF508 cystic fibrosis mice" potx
Ngày tải lên :
12/08/2014, 16:20
... CF and normal homozygous wild-type mice showed no known pathogenic infectious agents cultured in polyvalent media, and zero growth detected in selective culture media for yeast and fungus and ... infiltration in spontaneous and induced inflammatory conditions and inhibited proinflammatory cytokine release in LPS-induced inflammation We show that, in the absence of any detectable bacterial and fungal ... h and CF and bronchoalveolar mice fluid P aeruginosa toryfrom 48 hof cell and tissue components the inflammaTimeresponse after intratracheal instillation ofobtained h, Time course of cell and...
- 13
- 192
- 0
Báo cáo khoa học: "Clinical review: Respiratory mechanics in spontaneous and assisted ventilation" pot
Ngày tải lên :
12/08/2014, 22:21
... breathing during spontaneous ventilation using an esophageal balloon Area A represents the work to move air into and out of the lungs Area B represents the work to expand the chest wall and is calculated ... care unit and is characterized by low compliance Typically, the start of inspiration occurs at low volumes (near the residual volume) and requires high pressure to overcome surface tension and inflate ... first section occurs at a low volume, and is nonlinear and relatively flat (low compliance) As the volume increases, the second section of the curve is linear and has a steeper slope (higher compliance)...
- 13
- 290
- 0
Index decomposition analysis of energy consumption and carbon emissions some methodological issues
Ngày tải lên :
10/09/2015, 09:13
... CHAPTER INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1 EVALUATING ENERGY AND EMISSION PERFORMANCE 1.2 IDA AND ITS APPLICATION TO ENERGY /EMISSION ASSESSMENT 1.3 RESEARCH SCOPE AND OVERVIEW OF ... INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Chapter Introduction and Background With the increase of wealth, rise in energy demand, and continued dependence on fossil fuels, growth in energy consumption and CO2 emissions ... demand patterns, energy fuel mix, and energy efficiency (Dhakal, 2009; Fisher-Vanden et al., 2004; Silveria and Luken, 2008) These relationships between energy needs, economic growth and emissions...
- 260
- 367
- 0
Fourier transformed infrared absorption spectroscopy and kinetics studies of gas phase small molecules
Ngày tải lên :
15/09/2015, 17:11
... with the product OCSe and CSe with O2 will be studied as well Computational studies of the vibrational frequencies and band strengths of the species involved and the energies and geometries of reactive ... reactions with CSe2, SCSe and OCSe good match between the experimental and calculated bond lengths and bond angles Table 2.1 shows the calculated vibrational frequencies and band intensities as well ... area under the vibrational band 38 Chapter O (3P) atom reactions with CSe2, SCSe and OCSe TABLE 2.1: The experimental and calculated vibrational frequencies and band intensities (after scaling)...
- 152
- 276
- 0