absolute c 4th edition

... machine accepts coins whose values sum to the price of a product or whose sum exceeds the purchase price by one coin of any denomination. The vending machine then accepts either a coin release ... The third section gives the actions (class member functions). A plus sign indicates a public member. A sharp sign, #, indicates a protected member. So for the class Square, the class diagram ... place of patterns and any speci c formalisms for patterns within the software design process is not yet clear. However, it is clear that basic patterns—as well as certain pattern names, such...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... 01_CH01.fm Page 5 Wednesday, August 20, 2003 2:21 PM 1 C+ + Basics 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO C+ + 2 Origins of the C+ + Language 2 C+ + and Object-Oriented Programming 3 The Character of C+ + 3 C+ + Terminology ... would call a “pure OOP language.” C+ + tempers its OOP features with concerns for efficiency and what some might call “practicality.” This combination has made C+ + currently the most widely used OOP ... designed C+ + to be a better C. Most of C is a subset of C+ +, and so most C programs are also C+ + programs. (The reverse is not true; many C+ + programs are definitely not C programs.) Unlike C, C+ + has...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... it names. To change a named constant, you need only change the initializing value in the const variable declaration. The meaning of all occurrences of BRANCH_COUNT, for instance, can be changed from ... , preceding a character tells the compiler that the sequence following the backslash does not have the same meaning as the character appearing by itself. Such a sequence is called an escape ... total - discount; bonus *= 2; bonus = bonus * 2; time /= rushFactor; time = time/rushFactor; change %= 100; change = change % 100; amount *= cnt1 + cnt2; amount = amount * (cnt1 + cnt2); 01_CH01.fm...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... the type cast for you. Such an automatic conversion is sometimes called a type coercion. ■ INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS The ++ in the name of the C+ + language comes from the increment operator, ... 5; In such cases C+ + performs an automatic type cast, converting the 5 to 5.0 and placing 5.0 in the variable d. You cannot store the 5 as the value of d without a type cast, but sometimes C+ + does ... "\n"; This code will produce the output: 4 3 type coercion increment operator decrement operator 01_CH01.fm Page 25 Wednesday, August 20, 2003 2:21 PM 28 C+ + Basics However, it is not clear whether...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... begin #include <iostream> Compilers (preprocessors) can be very fussy about spacing in include directives. Thus, it is safest to type an include directive with no extra space: no space before ... than anything that need con- cern you. On almost all compilers, the preprocessor is called automatically when you compile your program. 1.5 #include preprocessor 01_CH01.fm Page 36 Wednesday, ... /**/-style comments for temporarily com- menting out code while debugging. It is difficult to say just how many comments a program should contain. The only correct answer is “just enough,” which of course...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... compiler groups items according to rules known as precedence rules. Most of the precedence rules for C+ + are given in Display 2.3. The table includes a number of operators that are not dis- cussed ... said the Cat. Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland INTRODUCTION As in most programming languages, C+ + handles flow of control with branch- ing and looping statements. C+ + branching and looping ... needed to yield one metric ton of cereal. 2. A government research lab has concluded that an artificial sweetener commonly used in diet soda will cause death in laboratory mice. A friend of yours...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... branches of an if-else statement to execute more than one statement each. To accomplish this, enclose the statements for each branch between a pair of braces, { and }, as indicated in the second ... previous description of how a Boolean expression is evaluated is basically cor- rect, but in C+ +, the computer actually takes an occasional shortcut when evaluating a Boolean expression. Notice that ... nothing at all. In C+ + this can be accomplished by omitting the else part. These sorts of statements Branching Mechanisms 57 Self-Test Exercises 5. Does the following sequence produce division by...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... the controlling expression, it executes the code for that case. You cannot have two occurrences of case with the same constant value after them because that would create an ambiguous instruction. switch ... "Enter vehicle class: "; cin >> vehicleClass; switch (vehicleClass) { case 1: cout << "Passenger car."; toll = 0.50; break; case 2: cout << "Bus."; ... statements, then after executing the code for one case, the computer will go on to execute the code for the next case. Note that you can have two case labels for the same section of code, as in the...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... (int count = 1; count <= 3; count++) cout << "Hip, Hip, Hurray\n"; The body of a for statement need not make any reference to a loop control variable, such as the variable count. E XTRA ... loop: for (int count = 1; count <= 10; count++); cout << "Hello\n"; If you did not notice the extra semicolon, you might expect this for loop to write Hello to the screen ten ... n++) cout << n << endl; Compilers may vary in how they handle such declarations within a for statement. This is discussed in Chapter 3 in the subsection entitled “Variables Declared...

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... Function 115 Recursive Functions 116 3.3 SCOPE RULES 117 Local Variables 117 Procedural Abstraction 120 Global Constants and Global Variables 121 Blocks 124 Nested Scopes 124 Tip: Use Function Calls ... continue statement. The continue statement can be particularly tricky and can make your code hard to read. It may be best to avoid the continue statement completely or at least use it only on rare occasions. ■ NESTED ... although it will come close. One month’s interest on $50 is only 75 cents. For additional online Programming Projects, click the CodeMate icons below. 2.3 1.7 2.5 2.6 2.7 Chapter Summary...

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... returned function call or function invocation #include directive 100 Function Basics The C+ + library with header file <cstdlib> contains a random number function named rand. This function has ... invocation (sample call) of the function exit: exit(1); void F UNCTIONS A void function performs some action, but does not return a value. For a void function, a func- tion call is a statement consisting ... directives: #include <cstdlib> using namespace std; Display 3.3 A Function Call for a Predefined void Function 1 #include <iostream> 2 #include <cstdlib> 3 using namespace std; 4...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... inconsistency.) ■ FUNCTIONS CALLING FUNCTIONS A function body may contain a call to another function. The situation for these sorts of function calls is the same as if the function call had occurred ... the complete function definition or the function declaration (function proto- type) must appear in the code before the function is called. The most typical arrange- ment is for the function declaration ... items purchased: 2 Enter the price per item: $10.10 2 items at $10.10 each. Final bill, including tax, is $21.21 Function declaration; also called the function prototype Function call Function body Function definition Function head Programmer-Defined...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... Basics Self-Test Exercises ■ RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS C+ + does allow you to define recursive functions. Recursive functions are covered in Chapter 13. If you do not know what recursive functions are, there ... fol- low standard practice and place all our global named constant declarations after our include and using directives and before our function declarations. global named constant Scope Rules 119 When ... no need to be concerned until you reach that chapter. If you want to read about recursive functions early, you can read Sections 13.1 and 13.2 of Chapter 13 after you complete Chapter 4. Note...

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... block and cannot be accessed outside of the inner block. The other variable exists only in the outer block and cannot be accessed in the inner block. The two variables are distinct, so changes ... is called. The postcondition describes the effect of the function call; that is, the postcondition tells what will be true after the function is executed in a situation in which the precondition ... declaration and accompanying comment should be all the programmer needs in order to use the function. 25. It helps to slightly change the code fragment to understand to which declaration each...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

... secondNum: swapValues(firstNum, secondNum); The next few subsections describe the call-by-reference mechanism in more detail and also explain the particular functions used in Display 4.2. ■ CALL-BY-REFERENCE ... blanks. Common Instruction INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the details of the mechanisms used by C+ + for plug- ging in arguments for parameters in function calls. It also discusses overload- ing, ... is the same as 14 inches. Will the following function perform correctly? If not, why not? double totalInches(int feet, int inches) { inches = 12*feet + inches; return inches; } D i sp l ay...

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 05:21