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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 10 ppt
... usable form Many laypeople are confused by the distinction between the industry standard signal formats (RS-485 and RS-232) and the nonstandard protocols To make an analogy, the signal format ... from the data by the particle counter according to a specific algorithm, and attached at the end of the data stream The DCS recalculates the checksum, and compares it to the one received If they ... time If the correct data are not received by the DCS, it can request the particle counter to send them again The DCS is able to determine if the data have been transmitted properly by performing...
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Arsenic removal technologies for drinking water in vietnam
... Drinking water pumdistribution system p To further investigate the suitability of this method for As removal in water, we also tested the removal efficiency on the pilot equipment for groundwater ... As(III), suggesting the suitability of using these materials to remove arsenic in the form of As(V) from groundwater Based on the sorption isotherm, the sorption capacity of limonite for As(III) and ... of arsenic in the form of arsenite In anoxic groundwater, arsenic is present in the form of arsenite (products of H3AsO3) due to the reducing conditions After aeration in the Hanoi water treatment...
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guidelines for drinking - water quality
... 81 82 84 85 86 87 88 88 88 89 90 90 91 92 92 93 95 96 96 99 99 100 100 101 101 102 102 103 104 105 106 107 GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING- WATER QUALITY 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.2.4 Sanitary inspections ... requirements for the protection of drinking- water supplies from pollution For further information, see WHO Guidelines for Drinking- water Quality, second edition, Volume 3; the supporting document Water ... physical water constituents may affect the appearance, odour or taste of the water, and the consumer will evaluate the quality and acceptability of the water on the basis of these criteria Although these...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 1 potx
... publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any ... 107 Platforms 107 Operating Systems 107 Processor 108 Memory 108 Storage Media 109 a Hard Disk 109 b Floppy Diskette 109 ... tool for evaluating drinking water quality, and the NTU has become the standard measure of finished water clarity It is a big advance over the “eyeball” method in use since ancient times The point...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 2 potx
... without the need for chemical additives In these applications, the integrity of the membrane is all that stands between the source water and the finished product, with the exception of the chlorine ... to stop all of the particles above a given size The source water is forced through tiny passages that trap the particles while letting the water pass through If the integrity of the membrane is ... calculated by taking the log10 (log base 10) of the number of effluent counts divided by the number of influent counts for a given size range For example, one effluent count divided by 100 influent counts...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 3 ppt
... tap locations for a turbidimeter sample The requirements for particle counter sample taps are the same as those for the standard turbidimeter Note that the bottom and the top of the pipe make ... to the sample Pass the particle counter tubing down into the reservoir and then siphon the sample to start the flow It may be necessary to increase the flow to the turbidimeter to maintain the ... solution The height of this tube is not directly proportional to the flow rate Rather, the head height is measured from the overflow point to the sample outlet The height of the flow cell relative to the...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 4 pot
... regardless of the instrument producing them The special nature of the particle counter further compounds these problems a Digital vs Analog To understand the inherent limitations of the to 20 mA ... with computers The answer is that it is time they learned Like it or not, the computer will be the centerpiece of drinking water treatment plant data collection from now on Consider the reasons: ... produced for a single particle counter Need we say more? B DATA PRESENTATION The way the particle counter data is presented will bear directly on the usefulness of the data The mass of information...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 5 potx
... “feel” for what is going on Run several tests on the same sample The guidelines for the State of California suggest that three tests should be run, with the results for each test within 10% of the ... limit of the particle counter grab sampler, and then back off that number another 25% or so This concentration then becomes the cutoff point for diluting the samples For example, if the effective ... pull the sample through the flow cell works quite well for water These units are designed to provide a constant flow rate for a fixed time period It should be obvious that the pump is used to pull the...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 6 doc
... of the particle counter, noise is produced by the electronic detector circuit, the laser light source, the power supply, and is induced by other devices The imperfections in the structure of the ... particles in the sensor view volume at the same time, which is a function of the concentration of particles in the sample There are other factors that affect this, but they are beyond the scope ... produce the same amplitude pulse as particles of the same size passing through the center See Figure 6.3 H VOLUMETRIC The term volumetric refers to the coverage area of the laser light source If the...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 7 potx
... available The entrance window (the side where the laser enters before passing through the flow cell) must be of a higher grade than the exit window The beam must be tightly focused where it contacts the ... mounting the laser and other optical lenses on a single block or in a tube This “subassembly” is then bolted to the flow cell The detector electronics assembly is mounted to the opposite side of the ... reflecting back into the laser Lasers produce light by bouncing light energy back and forth at a high frequency between mirrored surfaces, which amplifies the light intensity to produce the desired output...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 8 ppt
... signal The noise is amplified as much as the signal Chapter discussed the flow rate range of the sample The flow rate must be kept within a certain range for the particle counter to size the particles ... Obviously, at the low end, the sample must move at a sufficient velocity for the particles to get through the flow cell At the upper end, the particles can move too quickly through the beam to be ... flow rate for which they are designed to operate (For those interested in the electronic reasons, the bandwidth limitations are primarily due to the capacitance of the photodetector The impedance...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 9 ppt
... are usually mounted down in the filter gallery or in other out of the way places, so there is little need for local display for day-to-day operation The ability to view the cell condition or flow ... the same signal There is a limit to the number of receivers that can be connected to the current loop This limit is determined by the voltage used to power the loop All the voltage drops in the ... and the data generated during this time must be separated from the filtered water data The rules for discrete inputs are similar to those for analog inputs Dry contacts should be used unless otherwise...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 11 doc
... provide access to the Internet for downloading software upgrades Although the plant should be set up for the Internet and e-mail, this is better done on a machine other than the one used for particle ... necessary not only for meeting regulatory requirements, but are important summaries of the plant treatment performance for the day, week, or month that they cover They must be compact but informative ... support for them is discontinued Most of the particle counting equipment will be upgraded in toto, for the reasons mentioned above There is little reason to stay with the same manufacturer other...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 12 potx
... operational standpoint The important consideration is that the packaging provides proper protection for the instruments and easy access for installation and maintenance For the most part, standard NEMA ... properly for water plant environments, but the manufacturers have learned a good deal in the last few years That said, many of them still run the sample into the NEMA enclosure, providing the greatest ... the particle counter On the other hand, removal of the particle counter for service or calibration is simplified if the AC power does not have to be handled When the enclosure must be opened for...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 13 potx
... sophisticated than the portable grab samplers, and are several times more expensive There is no reason for them to be purchased for drinking water applications They are built for heavy-duty © 2001 ... unwanted particles into the sample The pressure forces the sample up into a stainless steel tube, which is connected to the inlet of the particle sensor The sample passes through the particle sensor, ... collection tube or sensor flow cell before the actual counts are initiated Once the run is complete, the sample is then flushed out of the graduated cylinder The pressurized batch sampler is not...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 14 ppt
... top of each other The amplitude of the pulse is chosen by “eyeballing” the top of the brightly displayed pulse, and reading its value from the oscilloscope grid The PHA, on the other hand, provides ... before passing through the pump and into the filter The output of the sensor is monitored with an oscilloscope or PHA In most cases, the counter electronics are not used for size calibration They ... first size standard has been introduced and the data recorded, the system should be allowed to clean up before the next size is introduced The same steps are repeated for each size standard, usually...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 15 doc
... sketch of the history of the particle counting manufacturers involved in the water treatment industry follows The first particle counters were used in water treatment for research in the late 1970s, ... half of the particles should fall on either side of the threshold for a given size, and none of the particles in the next highest size range If this is achieved at the sensitivity of the sensor, ... particle counting in the pharmaceutical industry, began offering an online particle counting system At about the same time, the Hach Company, long the leader in drinking water turbidimetry and...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 16 potx
... loosened, the calibration will be affected, and leaks could occur The directions for replacing the flow cell are not complicated, but if the person performing the task is not aware of the sensitivity ... × 400 µm to 150 µm × 100 0 µm B CELL WINDOWS The Chemtrac and IBR sensors come with synthetic sapphire windows, as well as the older Met One sensors The Met One drinking water sensor employs a ... fittings designed for higher pressures This sensor was designed for other applications requiring pressures higher than those found in drinking water plants The same fittings are used on the older Met...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 17 pdf
... resolution of the smaller particles, the effective size range is from to around 70 µm This is more than enough for drinking water treatment applications The 2400D counting electronics is not used for calibration ... Calibration information is stored in memory in the sensor Size ranges are set with software The 2400D was initially intended to size particles up to the 100 0 µm, but the circuitry to provide this was not ... routinely The factory should be consulted before changes are attempted Chemtrac The 2400D counting electronics are built around a 16-bit PHA card Only eight size channels are supported by the software,...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 18 ppt
... 300,000 for the first channel, and 250, 2500, or 30,000 for the second channel The combination of settings allows for count ranges up to 30,000/ml for the first channel, and 3000/ml for the second The ... up the body of the weir The horizontal tube at the top of the Chemtrac weir is made of clear plastic, to allow visual indication of the amount of overflow present Both of these devices allow the ... configured into the counter The output is scaled logarithmically according to the formula: Loop current in mA = × [(log10(counts + 10) ] The output ranges from zero up to almost 100 ,000 counts...
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