a unified approach to statistical language modeling for chinese

... template-based approach that has been taken in the system, enables the basic language generation algorithms application independent and language independent. At the final stage of language generation ... Generation’, is a branch of computational linguistics, which deals with automatic genera- tion of text in natural human language by the machine. It can be conceptualized as a process leading from a high ... the COLING/ACL 2006 Student Research Workshop, pages 1–6, Sydney, July 2006. c 2006 Association for Computational Linguistics A Flexible Approach to Natural Language Generation for Disabled Children...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 01:20

... of variation and bias in relation to monitoring of animal disease incidence on herd and national level, causal analysis on national level, as well as estimation of validated treatment criteria. Monitoring ... potential links to data quality. This understand- ing provides insight into potential errors (bias and random error) related to data based on clinical examina- Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2009, 51:36 ... metritis' that relate to the quality of the data that are produced. We analyse and build &apos ;a model of understanding' based on DBL's observations and the indi- vidual veterinarians'...

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2012, 10:45

... simplicity and in that it is domain- and language independency. N-gram based approach- es (Eckert et al., 1997, Levin et al., 2000) and other approaches (Scheffler and Young, 2001, Pietquin and Dutoit, ... not as large and not statistically significant. It can be analyzed that the cooperative user behaviors are rela- tively common patterns in human-machine dialog corpus. So, these behaviors can ... 2 Related work Data-driven intention modeling approach uses statis- tical methods to generate the user intention given dis- course information (history). The advantage of this approach lies...

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Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 04:20

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 06:20

... techniques, and to extend the statistical models to additional linguistic phenomena such as quantification and anaphora resolution. 8. Acknowledgments We wish to thank Robert Ingria for his effort ... probabilities have the form P(state n I staten_l, stateup) . For example, P(location/pp I arrival/vp-head, arrival/vp) is the probability of a location/pp following an arrival/vp- head within an ... model must span is large. A common approach in non -statistical natural language systems is to bridge this gap by introducing intermediate representations such as parse structure and pre-discourse...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:21

... (Janus), we have used a hybrid approach to representation, employing an intensional logic for the representation of the semantics of ut- terances and a taxonomic language with formal semantics ... defining the constants of our semantic represen- tation language, it provides the constants that can ap- pear in formulae that lexical items map to. For in- stance, vessel and ship map to VESSEL. ... should have intensions as arguments are unfor- tunately specified separately. Examples that have arisen in our applications involve changes in a reading on a scale, e.g., USS Stark's readiness...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 20:20

... Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available ... Geneva, Switzerland. August 2006. Water Conservation 5 18 A Practical Approach to Water Conservation Reason 3 Minimising value chain related risk Today corporate reputation is a more important ... evaporation will increase by 8%. Case Study: Impacts of Drought in Australia – Grain Harvest Worst in 10 Years Australia is heading for its smallest harvest in 10 years. Australian Bureau...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 17:20

... profes- sionals in service organizations, and by managers of large multinational companies and international NGOs. It is popular with final-year undergraduates and MBA and Master's ... 9S © Approach give you the ability to create strategic knowledge, create strategic plans and to implement and manage strategic changes. These are key attributes of a strategic leader. ... involve self-sacrifice. The Chinese character for thinking includes the character for 'heart', as well as the character for 'head' . The heart character re minds...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 15:33

... Analysis for Statistical Language Modeling via Substructure Sharing and Uptraining Ariya Rastrow, Mark Dredze, Sanjeev Khudanpur Human Language Technology Center of Excellence Center for Language and ... lookahead search improves the performance of the local ”history-based” models for different NLP tasks was trained on the automatically labeled data. We use a similar idea where our goal is to ... training of long-span language models. In IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU). Ariya Rastrow, Markus Dreyer, Abhinav Sethy, San- jeev Khudanpur, Bhuvana Ramabhadran,...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 19:20

... Verbs Aspectual Category(s) doing (ACC) facing (ACC ACT) asking (ACC ACT) made (ACC) drove ~ACC ACT) welcome (STA ACC ACT ACH) emphasized (STA ACC ACT ACH) thanked (ACC ACT STA) ... nominating (ACH ACT ACC read ( ACC ACT) ) ensure (STA ACC ACT ACH) act ( ACT ACC) carry (ACC) exercise (ACC) impose (STA ACC ACT ACH) contain ~STA ACC ACT ACH) infuriate (ACC ACT) Figure ... is an acceptable translation for (7)0). However, the same is not true of (7)(it): 7 (9) (i) Juan habfa ido a la tienda euando Maria lleg6. (it) Juan habia ido a la tienda al Ilegar Maria....

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 08:20

... user's natural language rule statements 143 ** A WATER BOTTLE IS ON A BAR. I UNDERSTAND THAT A WATER BOTTLE IS ON A BAR **WHAT IS ON A BAR? A BOTTLE Essentially, the phrase "water ... results of a • preliminary study of a Knowledge Engineering (KE) approach to Natural Language Understanding (NLU). The KE approach to an Artificial Intelligence task involves a close association ... preliminary study of a KE approach to Natural Language Understanding, we have gained valuable experience with the basic tools and concepts of such a system. All aspects of our NL-system have,...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 19:21

... SEMANIIC PARSING AS GRAPH LANGUAGE TRANSFORMATION - A MULIIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH TO PARSING HIGHLY INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGES Eero Hyv~nen He]sJnkJ IJniversity of TechnoloQy DiaJtal SysLems Laboratory ... chapter a graph grammar formalism based on the notions of relational graph grammars (Rajlich 1975) and attributed programmed graph grammars (Bunke 1982) is developed for parsing languages with ... generalization of linear string grammars. In graph grammars string rewrite rules are generalized into graph rewrite rules. This paper presents a graph grammar formalism and parsing scheme for...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 19:21

... intended. But initializing variables at least avoids the introduction of truly garbage data, data that can be any arbitrary value. Here is a far more dangerous use of uninitialized variables: 1 { 2 ... code: 1.1. Playing with Memory 11 1.1.4 How to Crash Your Program There is no faster way to crash a program than to make a mistake with memory. (Actually, this statement overstates the case: a program ... operators are also called Boolean operators after George Boole, whose contribution to mathematics includes the study of Boolean algebras. One particular Boolean algebra is the algebra of logical 0 and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 14:05

... Empirical Methods in Natural Language Process- ing (EMNLP). Masaaki Nagata, Kuniko Saito, Kazuhide Yamamoto, and Kazuteru Ohashi. 2006. A clustered global phrase reordering model for statistical machine ... of morphologically similar words into the same class. 3 Ashish Venugopal and Andreas Zollmann. 2009. Gram- mar based statistical MT on Hadoop: An end -to- end toolkit for large scale PSCFG based MT. The Prague Bulletin ... 1–11, Portland, Oregon, June 19-24, 2011. c 2011 Association for Computational Linguistics A Word-Class Approach to Labeling PSCFG Rules for Machine Translation Andreas Zollmann and Stephan Vogel Language...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... Shane Bergsma, Sittichai Jiampojamarn and Grzegorz Kondrak Department of Computing Science University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E8, Canada {qdou,bergsma,sj,kondrak}@cs.ualberta.ca Abstract Correct ... constraints generated by Equation 1 are called rank constraints. They are created sep- arately for every (s j , t j ) training pair. Essen- tially, each training pair is matched with a set of automatically-created ... the local context. Indicating stress on letters can also be help- ful to humans, especially second -language learn- ers. In some languages, such as Spanish, ortho- graphic markers are obligatory...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:21

... Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing. Vol. 6, No. 1, pp 27-60. Gao, J., Goodman, J., Li, M., and Lee, K. F. (2002). Toward a unified approach to statistical language modeling for Chinese. ACM ... performance of LMs was measured in terms of perplexity, and the size was measured as the total number of parameters of the LM: one parameter for each bigram and trigram, one parameter for each ... values for all n-gram probabilities and backoff weights, the values are quantized to a small number of quantization levels. Quantization is performed separately on each of the n-gram probability...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:20