... template-based approach that has been taken in the system, enables the basic language generation algorithms application independent and language independent. At the final stage of language generation ... Generation’, is a branch of computational linguistics, which deals with automatic genera-tion of text in natural human language by the machine. It can be conceptualized as a process leading from a high ... the COLING/ACL 2006 Student Research Workshop, pages 1–6,Sydney, July 2006.c2006 Association for Computational Linguistics A Flexible Approachto Natural Language Generation for Disabled Children...
... of variation and bias inrelation to monitoring of animal disease incidence onherd and national level, causal analysis on national level,as well as estimation of validated treatment criteria.Monitoring ... potential links to data quality. This understand-ing provides insight into potential errors (bias andrandom error) related to data based on clinical examina-Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2009, 51:36 ... metritis' that relate to the quality of thedata that are produced. We analyse and build &apos ;a model ofunderstanding' based on DBL's observations and the indi-vidual veterinarians'...
... simplicity and in that it is domain- and language independency. N-gram based approach- es (Eckert et al., 1997, Levin et al., 2000) and other approaches (Scheffler and Young, 2001, Pietquin and Dutoit, ... not as large and not statistically significant. It can be analyzed that the cooperative user behaviors are rela-tively common patterns in human-machine dialog corpus. So, these behaviors can ... 2 Related work Data-driven intention modelingapproach uses statis-tical methods to generate the user intention given dis-course information (history). The advantage of this approach lies...
... techniques, and to extend the statistical models to additional linguistic phenomena such as quantification and anaphora resolution. 8. Acknowledgments We wish to thank Robert Ingria for his effort ... probabilities have the form P(state n I staten_l, stateup) . For example, P(location/pp I arrival/vp-head, arrival/vp) is the probability of a location/pp following an arrival/vp- head within an ... model must span is large. A common approach in non -statistical natural language systems is to bridge this gap by introducing intermediate representations such as parse structure and pre-discourse...
... (Janus), we have used a hybrid approach to representation, employing an intensional logic for the representation of the semantics of ut- terances and a taxonomic language with formal semantics ... defining the constants of our semantic represen- tation language, it provides the constants that can ap- pear in formulae that lexical items map to. For in- stance, vessel and ship map to VESSEL. ... should have intensions as arguments are unfor- tunately specified separately. Examples that have arisen in our applications involve changes in a reading on a scale, e.g., USS Stark's readiness...
... Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available ... Geneva, Switzerland. August 2006. Water Conservation 5 18 A Practical Approachto Water Conservation Reason 3 Minimising value chain related risk Today corporate reputation is a more important ... evaporation will increase by 8%. Case Study: Impacts of Drought in Australia – Grain Harvest Worst in 10 Years Australia is heading for its smallest harvest in 10 years. Australian Bureau...
... Analysis forStatisticalLanguage Modeling via Substructure Sharing and UptrainingAriya Rastrow, Mark Dredze, Sanjeev KhudanpurHuman Language Technology Center of ExcellenceCenter forLanguage and ... lookahead searchimproves the performance of the local ”history-based” models for different NLP taskswas trained on the automatically labeled data. Weuse a similar idea where our goal is to ... training of long-span language models. In IEEE Workshop on AutomaticSpeech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU).Ariya Rastrow, Markus Dreyer, Abhinav Sethy, San-jeev Khudanpur, Bhuvana Ramabhadran,...
... user's natural language rule statements 143 ** A WATER BOTTLE IS ON A BAR. I UNDERSTAND THAT A WATER BOTTLE IS ON A BAR **WHAT IS ON A BAR? A BOTTLE Essentially, the phrase "water ... results of a • preliminary study of a Knowledge Engineering (KE) approach to Natural Language Understanding (NLU). The KE approachto an Artificial Intelligence task involves a close association ... preliminary study of a KE approachto Natural Language Understanding, we have gained valuable experience with the basic tools and concepts of such a system. All aspects of our NL-system have,...
... SEMANIIC PARSING AS GRAPH LANGUAGE TRANSFORMATION - A MULIIDIMENSIONAL APPROACHTO PARSING HIGHLY INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGES Eero Hyv~nen He]sJnkJ IJniversity of TechnoloQy DiaJtal SysLems Laboratory ... chapter a graph grammar formalism based on the notions of relational graph grammars (Rajlich 1975) and attributed programmed graph grammars (Bunke 1982) is developed for parsing languages with ... generalization of linear string grammars. In graph grammars string rewrite rules are generalized into graph rewrite rules. This paper presents a graph grammar formalism and parsing scheme for...
... intended. But initializing variables at least avoids theintroduction of truly garbage data, data that can be any arbitrary value.Here is a far more dangerous use of uninitialized variables:1 {2 ... code:1.1. Playing with Memory 111.1.4 How to Crash Your ProgramThere is no faster way to crash a program than to make a mistake withmemory. (Actually, this statement overstates the case: a program ... operators are also called Boolean operators after George Boole,whose contribution to mathematics includes the study of Boolean algebras.One particular Boolean algebra is the algebra of logical 0 and...
... Empirical Methods in Natural Language Process-ing (EMNLP).Masaaki Nagata, Kuniko Saito, Kazuhide Yamamoto,and Kazuteru Ohashi. 2006. A clustered global phrasereordering model forstatistical machine ... ofmorphologically similar words into the same class.3Ashish Venugopal and Andreas Zollmann. 2009. Gram-mar based statistical MT on Hadoop: An end -to- endtoolkit for large scale PSCFG based MT. The PragueBulletin ... 1–11,Portland, Oregon, June 19-24, 2011.c2011 Association for Computational Linguistics A Word-Class Approachto Labeling PSCFG Rules for Machine TranslationAndreas Zollmann and Stephan VogelLanguage...
... Shane Bergsma, Sittichai Jiampojamarn and Grzegorz KondrakDepartment of Computing ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 2E8, Canada{qdou,bergsma,sj,kondrak}@cs.ualberta.caAbstractCorrect ... constraints generated by Equation 1are called rank constraints. They are created sep-arately for every (sj, tj) training pair. Essen-tially, each training pair is matched with a setof automatically-created ... the local context.Indicating stress on letters can also be help-ful to humans, especially second -language learn-ers. In some languages, such as Spanish, ortho-graphic markers are obligatory...
... Linguistics and ChineseLanguage Processing. Vol. 6, No. 1, pp 27-60. Gao, J., Goodman, J., Li, M., and Lee, K. F. (2002). Toward a unified approachtostatisticallanguagemodelingfor Chinese. ACM ... performance of LMs was measured in terms of perplexity, and the size was measured as the total number of parameters of the LM: one parameter for each bigram and trigram, one parameter for each ... values for all n-gram probabilities and backoff weights, the values are quantized toa small number of quantization levels. Quantization is performed separately on each of the n-gram probability...