a review of indicators and methods

... 40-50% of trabecular mass by 90 years of age [58] This results in a decline in the loadbearing capacity of the vertebral body For example, load bearing capacity in a lumbar vertebra can decrease from ... end plate The disc facilitates intersegmental movement while maintaining alignment of the vertebral column and has a primary role in attenuating and dispersing axial load With aging, the water ... osteoporosis and are associated with back pain, functional disability, reduced health-related quality of life and increased mortality These associations become more significant with increasing numbers of...

Ngày tải lên: 03/11/2012, 09:49

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 03:20

... Washback indicates “an intended or unintended (accidental) direction and function of curriculum change on aspects of teaching and learning by means of a change of public examinations” Similar ... effect of teaching and learning Types of Washback Generally, washback can be analysed according to two major types: positive and negative, depending on whether it has a beneficial or harmful impact ... Tests are used as a “lever” for change To present a clear view of positive and negative washback at both micro-level (classroom settings) and at macro-level (educational and societal system), Tables...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 12:20

... Public health and social wellbeing is at the heart of health and social care The 12 Review team is aware that there is a separate piece of work being undertaken by the Department of Health Social Services ... by Cancer Research UK and the Department of Health, England was carried out by researchers from a number of institutions in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway and the UK that were the focus of ... population in England.28 Appleby29 stated that indicative data suggests Northern Ireland produces between 17% and 30% less inpatient, outpatient, day case and A& E activity per head of hospital and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 04:20

... in particular countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in the Caribbean and Pacific islands, Central America or Caucasus and Central Asian countries The transaction costs for international ... Poland, Slovak Republic and Turkey), Arab countries (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates) and other donors (Israel and others) China and India also provide aid, but the numbers are ... internationally 45 The members of the DAC are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 19:20

... Bank of New Zealand He has a PhD in economics from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and a BA in economics from Claremont McKenna College RETIREMENT AND INVESTOR RESEARCH » Sarah Holden, ... percent of stock fund share classes made a capital gain distribution, and half of these share classes distributed at least percent of their assets as capital gains FIGURE 2.5 CAPITAL GAIN DISTRIBUTIONS* ... back-end-load, and level-load shares—usually include a sales load and/ or a 12b-1 fee The sales load and 12b-1 fees are used to compensate financial advisers and other investment professionals for...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 08:21

... Americans because it replaces a large share of annual labor income for many low- to moderate-income families At the same time, the creation of IRAs in the 1970s and the expansion of 401(k)s and ... conducting and overseeing research on the flows, assets, and fees of mutual funds, as well as a major research initiative to better understand the costs and benefits of laws and regulations governing ... University of California, Santa Barbara, and a BA in economics from Claremont McKenna College Retirement and Investor Research Sarah Holden, Senior Director of Retirement and Investor Research, leads the...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 11:20

... control; transportation planning, road construction and maintenance; and land use In the case of many of these important functions, agency roles and responsibilities are fragmented, overlapping, and ... technologies, highway capacity, and transport system management have an important role in addressing air pollution and other transport impacts, but can involve considerable financial and administrative resources ... increased rapidly in cities of Pakistan, because of inadequate road infrastructure, modal separation, transport system management and traffic control In Karachi, for example, the average speed...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 21:20

... 13:760 Cimaz R, Meroni PL, Brucato A, Fesstova VV, Panzeri P, Goulene K, Stramba-Badiale M: Concomitant disappearance of electrocardiographic abnormalities and of acquired maternal autoantibodies ... late-onset cardiomyopathy and endocardial fibroelastosis Other possible manifestations such as sinus bradycardia or QTc interval prolongation are currently a matter of debate Cardiac malformations ... erythematosus syndrome [6] 71 Arthritis Research & Therapy Vol No Costedoat-Chalumeau et al Morphological heart abnormalities and anti-SSA/Ro antibodies Cardiac malformations Classically, autoantibody-mediated...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 06:22

... medial malleolus (M) and tendo Achilles (TA) Small arrow indicates rounded TP tendon proximally and large arrow indicates the flattened area of tendon in retromalleolar region as a result of the ... JW and DET critically revised the manuscript All authors read and approved the final manuscript Additional material Additional file Posterior approach A video demonstration of the posterior approach ... Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2009, 2:24 Figure Audit of placement of intramuscular electrode Audit of placement of intramuscular electrode Gross anatomy of dissected limb with intramuscular...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 21:23

... Police often apply military management approaches to treat drug users while they are in incarceration sites The majority of treated drug users relapse and not change their HIV risk behaviors after ... commercial availability and accessibility of needles in combination with health education about safe injecting practice, a concept approved by the Ministries of Health and Pubic Security because it ... professional staff and funding to provide these services, especially at the city or county level Police and medical staff lack the knowledge and skills for delivering harm-reduction and behavioralchange...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 18:20

... journal online rather than the print version; • finding faster ways to publish research; • clinical scenarios; and • paediatric journal club critiques Finally, we, the editorial team at Critical ... Care, thank all of our readers, authors, referees and Editorial Board members for their continued support There are a number of referees who have reviewed several articles for us over the past ... Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P, the ADQI workgroup: Acute renal failure: definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs – the Second International Consensus...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 20:21

... Predicting bank performance with financial forecasts: A case of Taiwan commercial banks Journal of Banking and Finance, 28, 2353—2368 Karels, G V — Prakash, A J (1987) Multivariate normality and forecasting ... stochastic DEA Kao and Liu (2004) formulate a DEA model of interval data for use in evaluating the performance of banks Their study makes advance predictions of the performance of 24 Taiwan banks ... the Logit model, along with factor analysis, to measure and describe banks’ financial and operating characteristics Data was taken from Call and Income Reports, as well as Examination Reports for...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 06:20

... 42 Authors Jejeebhoy and Sathra (2001) Al Riyami, Afifi and Mabry (2004) Country and year of the data collection Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, India and Punjab, Pakistan Data collected by authors, ... aspects of individual agency and (b) used direct indicators of agency Authors Acharya and Bennet (1983) Schuler and Hashemi (1994) Country and year of the data collection Nepal Data collected by authors ... employment, sharing of roles and decisionmaking, family structure amenable to empowerment, equality in marriage, devaluation of women, women‟s emancipation, marital advantage and traditional marriage Logit...

Ngày tải lên: 02/06/2014, 09:22

... would change if the input parameters are changed and it is purely numerical Spadaro and Rabl [65] As an alternative to Monte Carlo approach, a simple and transparent alternative- estimating the ... prematurely Average annual wages are often used to estimate the annual productivity of an average healthy person of working age Annual productivity losses are adjusted downward to obtain "net annual ... contingent valuation approach Whereas the cost of the criteria pollutants was estimated on the basis of human epidemiological studies and ambient air-quality data, the cost of toxic air pollutants was...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 11:22

... situations, availability of alternative transport and changing health are major reasons for driving reduction and cessation (e.g., Raitanen et al., 2003; Charlton et al., 2006; Ragland et al., ... rates based on US Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for 1997, National Highway Transport Safety Administration (NHTSA) (see Table 1.) Table 1: Number of driver fatalities and fatality ... especially for older drivers Casualty crash analyses, even those encompassing casualties of all severity, have a sampling bias: the so-called ‘frailty bias’, which exaggerates any apparent age-related...

Ngày tải lên: 13/02/2014, 18:20

... National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] OCEAN, COASTAL, AND MARINE EDUCATION CAN: • Enhance public awareness of the ocean and increase scientific literacy • Ensure that present and future ... thematic areas for clarity and appropriateness of thematic research priorities (Task 3a) ; balance among substantive research areas as well as among research activities such as observations, modeling, ... knowledge and understanding of factors contributing to the maintenance and restoration of ecosystem health Enhancing Human Health This theme addresses a broad array of human health issues that relate...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 06:20

... concentration of radon and its metabolites is increased in concrete single-family homes.129) Nano-particles and Nano-materials The health effects of nano-particles and nano-materials have been reviewed.117–121) ... (in Japanese) IPCS (1989) Environmental Health Criteria 89 Formaldehyde, World Health Organization, Geneva Takeda, M., Saijo, Y., Yuasa, M., Kanazawa, A. , Araki, A and Kishi, R (2009) Relationship ... Indoor Air Quality Indoor Environ., 1, 27–34 (in Japanese) 126) Kishi, R., Saijo, Y., Kanazawa, A. , Tanaka, M., Yoshimura, T., Chikara, H., Takigawa, T., Morimoto, K., Nakayama, K and Shibata, E (2009)...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 22:20

... performance benefits of experience, training, and innate ability and also as a summary of the research already completed in this area The report will be of particular interest to policymakers and ... Comments are welcome and may be addressed to Jennifer Kavanagh, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, California 90407, or Jennifer_Kavanagh@rand.org For more information on RAND's Forces ... Table 2.2 Number of Flights and Marginal Products of Yearof-Service Groups .8 Table 2.3 Mission Capable Rate and Marginal Products of Pay Grade Groups Table 2.4 Mission Capable Rate...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 22:20

... meals, breakfast cereals, candy, snacks, and beverages, as well as fruits and vegetables and dairy products, and the campaigns generally were integrated across promotional formats The focus of ... meals, frozen waffles, fruit and fruit snacks, breakfast cereals, popcorn, lunch kits, candy, carbonated and non-carbonated drinks, pasta, snack chips, and milk Superman and the Pirates characters ... Disney characters appeared on packages and store displays for fruit snacks, breakfast cereals, candy, yogurt, frozen waffles, toaster pastries, macaroni and cheese, and fruits and vegetables Multi-brand...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 07:20