a probabilistic context free grammar for melodic reduction

... yields the adjective onverdraagzaam (intoler- ant) and, finally, nominal suffixation yields the noun onverdraagzaamheid (intolerance): (7) N A A\N A/ A A heid on V V \A V/V V zaam I I ... suffixation: A. A\ B * B compounding: A. B ~ B For pragmatic reasons, MORPA's rule for com- pounding is not a categorial rule, but a categorial-like rule: two adjacent stems AB may, according ... dis- ambiguation techniques and probability-based scor- ing function. Illustrative performance data obtained from an evaluation will show that a probabilistic context- free grammar yields good

Ngày tải lên: 18/03/2014, 02:20

... Harshad Jahagirdhar, Ranjan Jha, Raymond Anthony Samalo, Ashwin Sanketh and Ayon Chakrabarty. I would also like to thank Dr Namrata Sethi for her editing assistance. I must acknowledge my parents ... Lyardet, F. (2005). Design patterns for context- aware adaptation. In International Workshop on Context- aware Adaptation and Personalization for the Mobile Internet. 37 Salber, D., Dey, A. , & Abowd, ... relational BNs as the parents as well as the context variables cannot always be generalized and are more likely to be valid in some particular situations Moreover, a single context variable

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:23

... G = ({S, A, B}, {a, b}, S, P) P = { S → abB A → aaBb B → bbAa } A? ??λ S ⇒ abB ⇒ abbbAa ⇒ abbbaaBba ⇒ abbbaabbAaba ⇒ abbbaabbaba Example 5.3 • L = {anbm | n ≠ m} is context- free G = (?, {a, b}, S, ... ({S, A, B}, {a, b}, S, {S → AB, A → aaA, A → λ, B → Bb, B → λ}) 1 4 S ⇒ AB ⇒ aaAB ⇒ aaB ⇒ aaBb ⇒ aab S ⇒ AB ⇒ ABb ⇒ aaABb ⇒ aaAb ⇒ aab Leftmost and Rightmost Derivations • Leftmost: in each step ... (SGrammars) Any w∈L(G) can be parsed in at most |w| steps w = a1 a2 an S ⇒ a1 A 1A2 Am ⇒ a1 a2B1B2 BkA 1A2 Am 26 S-Grammars and Contemporary Programming Languages Many features of Pascal-like programming

Ngày tải lên: 13/05/2014, 10:21

... ⇒ aSa ⇒ aaSaa ⇒ aabSbaa ⇒ aabbaa L(G) = {ww R | w ∈ {a, b}∗ } Chapter 5: Context- Free Grammar Example 5.2 G = ({S, A, B}, {a, b}, S, P) P={ S → abB A → aaBb B → bbAa A? ??λ } S ⇒ abB ⇒ abbbAa ⇒ abbbaaBba ... {S → AB, A → aaA, A → λ, B → Bb, B → λ}) S ⇒ AB ⇒ aaAB ⇒ aaB ⇒ aaBb ⇒ aab S ⇒ AB ⇒ ABb ⇒ aaABb ⇒ aaAb ⇒ aab Chapter 5: Context- Free Grammar Leftmost and Rightmost Derivations Leftmost: in each ... abbbaaBba ⇒ abbbaabbAaba ⇒ abbbaabbaba Chapter 5: Context- Free Grammar Example 5.3 L = {an b m | n = m} is context- free S → AS1 | S1 B S1 → aS1 b | λ A → aA | a B → bB | b Chapter 5: Context- Free

Ngày tải lên: 23/10/2014, 17:47

... B 2 bA 3 a] ⇒ G [aaA 4 bbB 2 , B 2 bbA 4 aa] ⇒ G [aaabbbB 2 , B 2 bbbaaa] ⇒ G [aaabbbcB 5 d, dB 5 cbbbaaa] ⇒ G [aaabbbccdd, ddccbbbaaa] It is not difficult to see that the generated translation is ... rules can be eliminated from PSCFGs by a grammar transformation that is very similar to the transformation eliminating epsilon rules from a probabilistic context- free grammar (Abney et al., 1999). ... related class of probabilistic context- free grammars, a syn- tax model for which several interesting mathemati- cal and statistical properties have been investigated, as for instance by Chi (1999), many theoretical

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... words and make sentences from words This help to orient language teachers to the focus of grammar teaching Most language learners and teachers agree that mastering the grammar of a language may form ... help learners meet this aim Traditional teachers often focus on grammatical rules rather than meaning when teaching a grammatical structure as they believe that learning a foreign language is about ... that English is far from accurate In fact, grammar is one of the key components of a language Thus, one cannot master a language without the knowledge of its grammar Partly thanks to grammar,

Ngày tải lên: 18/12/2013, 10:03

... Switzerland {bodensta,dunlopa,roark}@cslu.ogi.edu kbhall@google.com Abstract Efficient decoding for syntactic parsing has become a necessary research area as statisti- cal grammars grow in accuracy and ... in agenda-based ap- proaches of comparing edges of radically differ- ent span lengths and characteristics; and 2) Since the agendas are very small, the overhead of agenda maintenance — a large ... Much work has been pursued in both admissible and in- admissible heuristics for agenda parsing (Caraballo and Charniak, 1998; Klein and Manning, 200 3a; Pauls et al., 2010). In this paper, we also make

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... (LCFRSs) (Vijay-Shankar et al., 1987) constitute a very general grammatical formalism which subsumes context- free grammars (CFGs) and tree adjoining grammars (TAGs), as well as the synchronous context- free grammars ... e Informatica Universit ` a di Firenze Gianluca Rossi Dip. di Matematica Universit ` a di Roma Tor Vergata Giorgio Satta Dip. di Ingegneria dell’Informazione Universit ` a di Padova Abstract Westudy ... Theory, Languages, and Compu- tation. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Liang Huang, Hao Zhang, Daniel Gildea, and Kevin Knight. 2009. Binarization of synchronous context- free grammars. Computational Linguistics, 35(4):559–595. Laura

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:20

... of machine translation Pavel Pecina, Antonio Toral, Andy Way, Vassilis Papavassiliou, Prokopis Prokopidis, and Maria Giagkou 2011 Towards using web-crawled data for domain adaptation in statistical ... Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization, pages 65–72, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June Association for Computational Linguistics Adam Berger, John Lafferty, and John La Erty ... Adaptation of Statistical Machine Translation Model for Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval in a Service Context Vassilina Nikoulina Xerox Research Center Europe vassilina.nikoulina@xrce.xerox.com

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:20

... Don Graham, Kent Greenawalt, Miklos Haraszti, David Ignatius, Merit Janow, Nicholas Lemann, Menachern Mautner, Navanethem (Navi) Pillay, Jeff Sachs, Karl Sauvant, Joseph Sax, Joel Simon, Paul Steiger, ... that actual damage to a [ 14 ]... differential taxation.”16 Similarly, in Arkansas Writers’ Project, Inc v Ragland (1987), the Court held unconstitutional a state statute imposing a sales ... general laws Thus, in Associated Press v NLRB (1937), the Court confronted a ruling of the National Labor Relations Board that the Associated Press (AP) had violated the National Labor Relations

Ngày tải lên: 10/06/2014, 21:50

... Tirinkatar, which is separated into two individual trachy- basalt flows Tirinkatar-1 and Tirinkatar-2, and the Ash- tarak lava flow. Tirinkatar-1 and Ashtarak each have volumes ~0.5 km 3 . The largest ... Shamiram Plateau is an elevated region (within the central portion of the lava flow simulation area) comprising lava flows from Shamiram, Atomakhumb, Dashtakar, Blrashark, and Karmratar volcanoes. ... viscosity trachybasalt to trachydacite lava flows of the area The areas and flow extents (a quantitative Explanation (lower value = lower lava viscosity) AOI_EAST... the Shamiram Plateau may

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 19:20

... the paper. It is based on a nonlinear rational filter enhanced by a noise estimator for blind and dynamic adaptation of the filtering parameters to the input signal statistics. The VLSI filter features ... LUTs are defined, each optimized for a different noise distribution (Gaussian, contaminated-Gaussian [16], or im- pulsive noise) and for both spatial and spatio-temporal pro- cessing. As an example, ... EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing [4] S. Mitra and G. Sicuranza, Nonlinear Image Processing,Aca- demic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA, 2000. [5] G. Ramponi, “The rational filter for image

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 01:20

... 1: Local matching. we specify the local transformations and neighborhood con- straints. 2.2. Local transformations A local transformation maps a region in a template image Ᏺ T to a cell in a query ... probabilities a Ᏼ ’s and a ᐂ )asseenin Section 2.2. These transformation parameters are shared by all persons as we assume that they have similar facial prop- erties. The intraclass variability, due, for ... that depend on a par- ticular query image, and face-independent transformation (FIT) parameters, that is, the parameters of ᏹ that are shared by all individuals. The benefits of such a separation

Ngày tải lên: 23/06/2014, 01:20

... yields negative signs in the grammar and associated equation system, but has the considerable advantage of avoiding the difficult integration steps that appear with other approaches, in particular in ... rooted) and a vertex-pointed class B, the class C = A ◦ v B is the class of graphs obtained by taking a graph γ ∈ A, called the core graph, and attaching at each labelled vertex v ∈ γ a graph γ ... probabilistic approach already yields significant qualitative results, the enumerative ap- proach provides a complete solution regarding the asymptotic behaviour of many parame- ters on random planar graphs

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 21:21

... Stylistically, shorter constructions appear early, and after a comma; longer one's appear at the end Tactics and Strategies Some basic tactics and strategies for reading and writing should be apparent ... life came to a close and a great new chapter began To test this analysis, try shifting the modifier: A great chapter in American life came to a close, and a great new chapter began [ ... Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ] a great chapter in American life came to a close and a greater chapter began followed by a series of simple sentences a great chapter in American life

Ngày tải lên: 27/08/2014, 22:06

... [6]. The authors advocate using a dissimilarity parametrization rather than a coordinate-based parametrization. Although the latter has fewer independent variables, the former seems to have converge ... pairs of atoms ˚ if they are less than approximately 6 A apart We have adopted this particular input data model because it is simple and fairly realistic [25, 2] In realistic molecular conformation ... A1 and A2 are constructed so as to maximize the... overlapping atoms are accurately localized It is important to realize that not all the atoms in a group may be localizable, for instance,

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2015, 12:35

... Essential Grammar For Korean as a Second Language © 2004 All rights reserved by Chul Young Lee Version 2.3 Preface Demand for the Korean langauge education as a second language is significantly ... significantly increasing these days The Korean language is an agglutinative language and is sometimes recognized tricky to learn by the people who speak a European language as their primary language But ... get that / I don’t understand {as an answer} I don’t know I didn’t understand that I have a question Please explain that again Could you say that once again? What is today’s homework? What is

Ngày tải lên: 12/03/2016, 11:29

... and Disadvantages of Inductive and Deductive Approaches to English Grammar Teaching 15 1.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Inductive Approach 16 1.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages ... Duso, E.M (2007) Dalla teoria alla pratica: la grammatica nella classe di italiano L2 Roma: Aracne editrice 12 Ellis, R (1997) SLA Research and Language Teaching Cambridge: Cambridge University ... Concept of Grammar 1.1.2 The Role of Grammar in Teaching English as a Foreign Language 1.2 Approaches to Grammar Instruction 1.2.1 Experiential Teaching Approach 1.2.2 Analytic

Ngày tải lên: 25/10/2016, 09:32

... efficient for large value of q and small values of 𝛼 50 45 40 Variable alpha = 1.5 alpha = 1.25 alpha = alpha = 0.75 alpha = 0.5 150 140 130 ARLo ARLo 160 Variable alpha = 1.5 alpha = 1.25 alpha = alpha ... 241 For a fair comparison, the above distributions are transformed such that the mean and variance are equal to and 1, respectively Tables and give the Case A and Case E attained 𝐴𝑅𝐿 and 𝐴𝐸𝑄𝐿 values ... References Adegoke, N .A. , Abbasi, S .A. , Dawod, A. B .A. , & Pawley, M.D.M (2019) Enhancing the performance of the EWMA control chart for monitoring the process mean using auxiliary information Quality and

Ngày tải lên: 14/05/2020, 22:50

... ideas that hold us back as people and as a society Stubborn Attachments, at its heart, makes the contemporary moral case for economic growth, and in doing so delivers a great dose of inspiration ... Ramsey, Frank 1928 ? ?A Mathematical Theory of Saving.” Economic Journal 38: 543–559 Rand, Ayn 1967 Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal New York: Signet Books Rangel, Antonio 2000 “Forward and Backward ... Irrevocable Loss.” In Cataclysms, Crises, and Catastrophes: Psychology in Action, edited by Gary VandenBos and Brenda Bryant, 185–235 Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Wortman, Camille

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2020, 15:36