a pragmatic guide to learning programming languages

... Create another class called Recipe that has an initializer that accepts a name and a list of food items called ingredients Add a method to this class called calories() that returns the total calories ... or also in an ignored exception Create a Vehicle class, a Motorcycle class that is a subclass of Vehicle with a wheels attribute set to 2, and a Car class that is a subclass of Vehicle with a ... years of experience in the software industry He has outsourced for many companies and can write applications in many fields and in many programming languages, including PHP, Java, and C # In addition,

Ngày tải lên: 25/12/2020, 14:17

... Create another class called Recipe that has an initializer that accepts a name and a list of food items called ingredients Add a method to this class called calories() that returns the total calories ... or also in an ignored exception Create a Vehicle class, a Motorcycle class that is a subclass of Vehicle with a wheels attribute set to 2, and a Car class that is a subclass of Vehicle with a ... years of experience in the software industry He has outsourced for many companies and can write applications in many fields and in many programming languages, including PHP, Java, and C # In addition,

Ngày tải lên: 30/12/2020, 15:21

... Graph Diagrams and Flowcharts Using R A Grammar of Data Manipulation Drat R Archive Template Becoming an Efficient R Programmer Format R Code Automatically R Fortunes Spherical Trigonometry An ... to analyse data The data is typically stored on your hard drive; but not all hard drives are equal Unless you have a fairly expensive laptop your computer probably has a standard hard disk drive ... Implementation of the Grammar of Graphics Movies Data A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report Generation in R Make Dealing with Dates a Little Easier Accurate Timing Functions Interactive Visualizations

Ngày tải lên: 18/04/2017, 10:26

... Initializing Arrays 324 Arrays 326 Class Arrays 328 Multidimensional Arrays 330 Member Arrays 332 Exercises 334 Solutions 338 Chapter 17 Arrays and Pointers 349 Arrays and Pointers (1) 350 Arrays and ... container adapters, such as stacks, queues, and priority queues; associative containers, such as sets and maps; and bitsets. In addition to discussing how to manage containers, the chapter also ... looks at sample applications, such as bitmaps for raster images, and routing techniques. Additional Features Chapter Goals A concise chapter introduction, which contains a description of the chapter’s

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... was derived from the C programming language: ++ is the increment operator in C. As early as 1989 an ANSI Committee (American National Standards Institute) was founded to standardize the C++ programming ... language but a hybrid that contains the functionality of the C programming language. This means that you have all the features that are avail- able in C: ■ universally usable modular programs ■ efficient, ... procedures) are kept separate from the data they process. This has a significant effect on the way a pro- gram handles data: ■ the programmer must ensure that data are initialized with suitable values

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... sequentially, breaking the contents down into tokens, such as function names and operators. Tokens can be separated by any number of whitespace characters, that is, by spaces, tabs, or new line characters. ... character sets, for example, the ANSI char- acter set that contains the ASCII codes and additional characters such as German umlauts. The wchar_t (wide character type) type comprises at least ... be treated as a flow of data. Predefined names in C++ are to be found in the std (standard) namespace. The using directive allows direct access to the names of the std namespace. Program execution

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... Constant Character Constant Value (ASCII code decimal) Capital A Lowercase a Blank Dot Digit 0 Terminating null character 65 97 32 46 48 0 &apos ;A& apos; &apos ;a& apos; ' ' '.' ... correspond to the type unsigned long 24 ■ CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL TYPES, CONSTANTS, AND VARIABLES 'H' 'e' '1' '1' 'o' '!' '\0' "Hello!" ... 0x18 6A0 0xAL 0x1bUL 0x80000000 CONSTANTS ■ 23 The boolean keywords true and false, a number, a character, or a character sequence (string) are all constants, which are also referred to as a literals.

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... records are stored in variables to enable their processing by a program. Variables are also referred to as objects, particularly if they belong to a class. ᮀ Defining Variables A variable must ... name of the variable: ■ an equals sign ( = ) and an initial value for the variable or ■ round brackets containing the value of the variable. EXAMPLES: char c = &apos ;a& apos;; float x(1.875); Any ... using namespace std; int gVar1; // Global variables, int gVar2 = 2; // explicit initialization int main() { char ch(&apos ;A& apos;); // Local variable being initialized // or: char ch = &apos ;A& apos;;

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... iostream and iomanip are not contained in the std namespace but are declared globally. ✓ NOTE ■ STANDARD HEADER FILES Header files of the C++ standard library Header files of the C standard library algorithm ... ■ 47 ᮀ Using Header Files Header files are text files containing declarations and macros. By using an #include directive these declarations and macros can be made available to any other source ... return a value to the function that called them. The type void is available for functions of this type, which are also referred to as procedures in other programming languages. Example: void srand(

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... header files standardized for the C programming language were adopted for the C++ standard and, thus, the complete functionality of the standard C libraries is available to C++ programs. Example: ... general, there are several ways of initializing an object of a class. A string can thus be initialized with a certain number of identical characters, as the example on the oppo- site page illustrates. ... as an instance of the class. When an object is created, memory is allocated to the data members and initialized with suitable values. Example: string s("I am a string"); In this example

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... mentioned earlier, are instances of the istream or ostream classes. When a program is launched these objects are automati- cally created to read standard input or write to standard output. Standard ... FORMATTING AND MANIPULATORS Example: Calling a manipulator FORMATTING AND MANIPULATORS ■ 61 ᮀ Formatting When reading keyboard input, a valid input format must be used to determine how input is to ... stream classes. It contains the attributes and abilities common to all streams. Effectively, the ios class ■ manages the connection to the physical data stream that writes your program’s data to

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... characters. The get() method reads the next character from a stream and stores it in the given char variable. Example: char ch; cin.get(ch); If the character is a white space character, such as ... individually, and clear the input buffer and any error flags that may have been set after each entry. Chapter 6, “Control Flow,” and Chapter 28, “Exception Handling,” show how a pro- gram can react to input ... reference to the type of the supplied variable, and write the result to the variable. Any white space characters (such as blanks, tabs, and new lines) are ignored by default. Example: char ch; cin

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... is made between unary and binary operators. A unary operator has only one operand, whereas a binary operator has two. ᮀ Binary Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators are used to perform calculations. ... errors and can impair the readability of your programs. 88 ■ CHAPTER 5 OPERATORS FOR FUNDAMENTAL TYPES ■ RELATIONAL OPERATORS The relational operators Precedence of relational operators Examples ... UNARY ARITHMETIC OPERATORS ■ 85 There are four unary arithmetic operators: the sign operators + and -, the increment operator ++, and the decrement operator ᮀ Sign Operators The sign operator

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... logical operators Examples for logical expressions true true true false false true false false false true true false false true true false A B A && B A || B true false true false A! A 1 ... Relational Operators Relational operators have lower precedence than arithmetic operators but higher prece- dence than assignment operators. Example: bool flag = index < max – 1; In our example, ... && and || is the fact that there is a fixed order of evaluation. The left operand is evaluated first and if a result has already been ascer- tained, the right operand will not be evaluated!

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... lower than the assignment operators. This means you can leave out the parentheses in the above example. Like any other C++ expression, an expression containing the comma operator has a value and ... separates the assignments for the variables i and limit and is then used to calculate and output the value of x in a single statement. The comma operator has the lowest precedence of all operators — ... belongs to a certain type. The type and value are defined by the last expression in a statement separated by commas. Example: x = (a = 3, b = 5, a * b); In this example the statements in brackets are

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... switch( command ) // Evaluate command. { case &apos ;a& apos;: case &apos ;A& apos;: action1(); // Carry out 1st action. break; case 'b': case 'B': action2(); // Carry out 2nd action. ... statement assigns the absolute value of a to the variable z. If a has a positive value of 12, the number 12 is assigned to z. But if a has a negative value, for example –8, the number 8 is assigned to ... match any of the case constants, the program branches to the default label, if available. If you do not define a default label, noth- ing happens. The default does not need to be the last label;

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... Getting Ready to Run Genetic Programming This, however, can easily be worked around by providing a mechanism to convert a numeric value into a Boolean automatically as discussed above. Alternatively, ... Programming Run This chapter provides an illustrative run of GP in which the goal is to automatically create a program with a target input/output behaviour. In particular, we want to evolve an ... Manselle, Alberto Moraglio, Oliver Oechsle, Francisco Sepulveda, Elias Tawil, Edward Tsang, William Tozier and Christian Wagner all contributed to the final proofreading festival. Their sharp eyes and...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... Getting Ready to Run Genetic Programming This, however, can easily be worked around by providing a mechanism to convert a numeric value into a Boolean automatically as discussed above. Alternatively, ... He is an associate editor of the Journal on Artificial Evolution and Applica- tions, an editorial board member of Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, and has served on the program committees ... 4 Example Genetic Programming Run This chapter provides an illustrative run of GP in which the goal is to automatically create a program with a target input/output behaviour. In particular, we want...

Ngày tải lên: 14/03/2014, 15:20

... has managed to do and may never manage to do again: Explain Core Audio in a way other people can understand. This book has been years in the making, and it took an incredible amount of work and ... envi- ronment. Core Audio Conventions The Core Audio frameworks are exposed as C function calls.This makes them broadly available to Cocoa, Cocoa Touch, and Carbon apps, but you have to be ready to deal with all ... sound, all coordinated via the AUGraph API.We also look at how to provide your own programmatically generated audio data as input to audio units. n Chapter 8: Audio Units: Input and Mixing To h...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 16:20

... Ta ) - Negative Past Tense ex: Watashi wa sushi o tabemasu ~ I am eatting sushi. Anata wa ikimasen ka? ~ you are not going? Kakiko-san wa soukusu o kaimashita. ~ Kaikiko bought socks yesterday. Dekakemasendeshita ... otaku. Watashi wa neko desu. - I am a cat.* *"I am a Cat" is the name of a famous novel by author Natsume Soseki. The actual Japanese title is a little different - wagahai neko dearu. ... that stuff later ) LESSON 1: So You Wanna Learn Japanese? Japanese (spoken) is one of *the* easiest languages you can learn. There are naturally some rules to learn, but they are very easy and...

Ngày tải lên: 08/11/2012, 15:18