a multi criteria evaluation framework of technologies

... which a liquid evaporates depends a great deal on the nature of the material Alcohol, chloroform, and ether evaporate much more rapidly than water Regardless of the readiness of a material to evaporate, ... metric values One Pa equals N/m2 Being small, this measure may also be expressed as kilopascals (1000 Pa) or as megapascals (1,000,000 Pa) Gas Pressure A gas may be defined as a material in which ... to absorb heat The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of gram of a particular substance by degree Celsius is called the specific heat of that substance As a rule, specific heat is a...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 11:39

... standard way of doing an energy audit, but it typically involves analyzing past and present energy consumption data, comparison of actual consumption to the standard consumption data, comparison ... 123 Abiodun Iwayemi, Wanggen Wan and Chi Zhou Chapter Orientation and Tilt Dependence of a Fixed PV Array Energy Yield Based on Measurements of Solar Energy and Ground Albedo – a Case Study of ... management and renewable energy integration are becoming important aspects of efficient energy management The management of energy technology and its applications in residential, commercial and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... data gathering and analysis, used as a tool for continuous energy management The main advantage of an EMIS application is the possibility of data collection, processing, maintenance, analysis and ... necessary information Time control sensors Ad hoc maintenance; incomplete data about the air supplies Absence of data about the air losses Ad hoc maintenance; Centralized control absence of data about ... energy available in abundance Over the years, oil replaced coal as it was the cleaner form of fuel leading to increased industrialization Due to increased usage of coal and oil in the name of economic...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... is beneficial in that impractical manual reads are not necessary, and bills can always be based on actual reads, not estimates How often a read is taken will depend on the supplier, although customers ... terms of main load profile of the entire plant and the realization of useful graphical representations as well as the contour map Two examples of these further analysis are reported in Figure and ... worth of underlying that a tariff comparison on a fair basis could be done thanks to the forecasting model (i.e integrated approach), as the same comparison based on the simple historical data analysis...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... companies in multi- communal area forming a system of spatial mesh already made substantially corresponding to the spatial mosaic of local energy markets over recalled There is an optimum growth Multiutilities ... proposed approach The proposed approach uses statistical tools in original way obtaining an innovative qualification activity in term of measurement, diagnostic and optimisation of industrial systems ... deterministic regulations For the evaluation of the control parameters and noise factors are used cause-effect diagrams in which all variations of the quality characteristics values, according to existing...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... physical simplicity of parts to be disassembled and re-assembled, availability and exchangeability of spare parts, availability of tools and instruments and their adequacy to the maintenance tasks, ... through an appropriate system interface and communication, through a master / slave network that makes it available and accessible operational monitoring of each installation A supervisor of a network ... mid-range of their abilities have to be analyzed in an integrated way Therefore, maintainability design has to be oriented to qualify and quantify all factors of the maintenance system, by way of an approach...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... perform a smooth and easy communication with the appropriate data sources, such as a distributed control system (DCS), a plant information system, a historian or a real time database Sensor data is ... be practically addressed by manual operating procedures would be captured and materialized Of critical importance is having a robust and mature solver that reliably converges in a reasonable ... supply of cool and other media as gas and water is possible)  Logistic management and provision of the primary fuels and of the support materials; dispose of the waste materials  Portfolio management...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... first the data are separated according to seasonal variables (e.g calendar data) and then a regression on the continuous variables (meteorological data) is done That means a regression analysis must ... find a situation in an energy data base of historical data that is similar to the one that has to be predicted A set of explanatory variables is defined and similarity between situations is measured ... the advantage of its simplicity and easy use It is assumed that the pattern of the variable in the past will continue into the future The main disadvantage of this approach lies in the fact that...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... the latitude in a range between ±8° and ±15° An analytical equation to find the daily optimal tilt angle at any latitude has also been used (El-Kassaby & Hassab, 1994) For example, the average ... by means of a rechargeable battery as an alternate power source, a process they term “load signature moderation” In this scheme, a power router and a rechargeable battery are added to the HAN network ... Dependence of a Fixed PV Array Energy Yield Based on Measurements of Solar Energy and Ground Albedo – a Case Study of Slovenia Jože Rakovec1,2, Klemen Zakšek2,3, Kristijan Brecl4, Damijana Kastelec5 and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... – a Case Study of Slovenia 159 parameter in photovoltaics If only measurements of global irradiation are available, the diffuse part of irradiation can be simulated Temperature measurements have ... approximately 2,000 km2) Air temperature measurements were also taken from the same meteorological stations Map of ten-year average of annual global solar irradiation exposure was done by spatial ... was done by spatial interpolation of measured data on 12 locations and estimated data of global irradiation exposure on the basis of measured sunshine duration on 15 additional locations using Ångström’s...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... the capacitance, the first branch is modeled as a voltage-dependent differential capacitor The differential capacitor consists of a fixed capacitance and a voltage-dependent capacitor A leakage ... energy saving, energy efficiency, pantograph voltage stabilization and peak regularization (Hase et al,2003) Storage devices may play also a fundamental role in enhancing the dynamic response of the ... optimal allocation and configuration, taking properly into account the timetable The paper is organized as follows First of all the fundamental characteristics of supercapacitor devices are described...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... Zubieta, Richard Bonert, 2000 Characterization of Double-Layer Capacitors for Power Electronics Applications ,IEEE Transaction on Ind Applications, Vol 36, No 198 Energy Management Kitahara and A ... capacitor to direct current (DC) of 110V voltage network, and parallelly, the total capacity must be enlarged (in Farads) For a fast discharge (charge) cycle of the capacitor, which is calculated ... parameters (contact wire resistance, track resistance, train currents and pantograph voltages) of both the odd and even tracks In particular contact wire resistances will vary as a function of trains positions...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... variation (A) ; UTr – diagram of contact network voltage variation(V); flattening voltage Ud variation diagram (V); V – diagram of speed variation of the train (km/h); t – time (s) Fig 25 Parameters ... instantaneous values of train speed, km/h The values of dynamic parameters, measured with personal computer during the practical research are given in Fig 25 ITr – diagram of primary traction transformer ... buildings and squares With catenary-free operation, trams can run even through heritage-protected areas, such as parks and gardens, historic market and cathedral squares, where conventional catenary...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... all times This balance has traditionally been attained through dispatching generation and day-ahead scheduling along with sufficient capacity reserves Temporal load change typically follows a ... this variability by dispatching fast-responding generation, adding sufficient power storage capacity and fast ramp-down of customer load All of these options however have an associated cost and ... The home appliance gateway has metadata, information about the device itself, and a connected appliance, so the client device is able to know what kind of service is at the connected appliance When...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... generation plants that are build to accommodate the base load When the amount of load exceed the capacity of base power plants, they are accommodated by the peaker power plants Commercial and ... increase the variability of electrical power and impact the dynamics and stability of the power grid Maintaining a reliable and stable grid will require that these dynamics be balanced in real-time ... fully achieve the potential benefits An example of a typical interaction involves a manufacturer that bids demand response load reduction into a 5-min reserves ancillary market of the local balancing...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... Communication-based demand management • Incentive-based demand management • Real-time demand management • Optimization-based demand management Communication-based techniques have been studied in (Asad ... Optimization-based demand management has been studied in (Moldernik et al., 2009; 2010; Pedrasa et al., 2010) Optimization-based demand management assumes that the consumer demands are known ahead or at ... formulated and solved via the particle swarm optimization (PSO) heuristic PSO is a population-based optimization technique that enables to attain near-optimal schedules within manageable computation...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:20

... solutions are available and appropriate for gas meters that have a pulse output Remote, automatic reading is beneficial in that impractical manual reads are not necessary, and bills can always be based ... data gathering and analysis, used as a tool for continuous energy management The main advantage of an EMIS application is the possibility of data collection, processing, maintenance, analysis and ... data storage, retrieval and display Smart metering can be achieved by installing a fiscal meter which is capable of these essential tasks Alternative metering solutions are available to bypass...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 12:20

... however, a data mart tends to start from the analysis of user needs, while a data warehouse starts from an analysis of what data already exists and how it can be collected in such a way that it can be ... data might be stored in an enterprise-wide database, data warehouse, or specialized database In practice, the terms data mart and data warehouse are sometimes used interchangeably; however, a ... will create a demand for EMS solutions capable of handling much larger volumes of data and the analytical tools to manage this data More Stringent Alarm Performance The 2003 blackout drew attention...

Ngày tải lên: 21/08/2014, 12:17

... diagnosis system can access and evaluate this information The BMW diagnosis system features an evaluation software that facilitates assessment of the history values and indicates the cause of ... bit-serial data interface • Calculation of the battery indicators as the basis for the charge and health status of the battery The battery indicators are charge and discharge current, voltage and ... area of the energy management As part of vehicle diagnostics, these data can be used to evaluate faults and to analyze the vehicle battery 19 E70 Energy Management Engine Management (Power Management)...

Ngày tải lên: 19/10/2012, 13:48

... International Journal of Operational Research, International Journal of Operations and Quantitative Management, International Journal of Industrial Engineering, International Journal of Logistics ... Systems and Management, International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, and the Annals of Operations Research among ... currently a faculty member in the Department of Maritime Administration at Texas A& M University at Galveston At Texas A& MGalveston, he began researching in the area of logistics, supply chain management,...

Ngày tải lên: 05/09/2013, 16:10