a maximum likelihood decoding algorithm for turbo codes

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

... Our exact algorithm runs in quartic time, but an approximate cubic-time variant is indistinguishable in practice. A quadratic-time approximation makes very few mistakes and remains practically ... 3. Evaluating E[g] is also straightforward: Compose the DFA h with the probability model p and use an al- gebraic path algorithm to compute the total probabil- ity mass P(B k ) for each final state k of ... the top L entries are selected. Because each state that gets expanded in the inner loop has out-degree 2, the new state map N will contain at most 2L states. This means that we have an additional loop invariant:...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... reduce this search space, but we also avoid strong commitments. 3 The Algorithm at a Glance Basically, the best-first search algorithm is a generalization of the incremental version: instead of successively ... generated so far, augmented by the minimal value of the description required for excluding the remaining potantial distractors, surpasses the evaluation of the best solution. 4 Formalization ... secretary". In the second example, x5, x6, x9, and xio are the intended referents. After picking white as a descriptor, the incremental algorithm can choose from many alternatives for...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 02:20

... et al., 2008; Utiyama and Isahara, 2003; Munteanu and Marcu, 2005; Fung and Cheung, 2004). The novel algorithm is successfully eval- uated on news data for two language pairs. A related approach ... com- parable data (Munteanu and Marcu, 2005). For a given source sentence S, a max- imum entropy (ME) classifier is applied to a large set of candidate target transla- tions . A beam-search algorithm ... 2004. Pharaoh: a Beam Search De- coder for Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Transla- tion Models. In Proceedings of AMTA’04, Washing- ton DC, September-October. Dragos S. Munteanu and Daniel Marcu....

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 02:20

... Preposi- tional Phrase Attachment. In Proceedings of the ARPA Workshop on Human Language Technology, 250-255, Plainsboro, NJ, USA. Jeffrey C. Reynar and Adwait Ratnaparkhi. 1997. A Maximum Entropy Approach ... (CoNLL-2002), 49-55, Taibei, Taiwan. Mari Ostendorf, Izhak Shafran, Stefanie Shattuck- Hufnagel, Leslie Charmichael, and William Byrne. 2001. A Prosodically Labeled Database of Sponta- neous Speech. ... area (Ratnaparkhi et al., 1994; Ber- ger et al., 1996; Pietra et al, 1997; Zhou et al., 2003; Riezler and Vasserman, 2004) In the most basic approach, such as Ratna- parkhi et al. (1994) and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

... semantically related pairs of words and document titles. Information Storage and Retrieval,. Vol 10, pp 253-260 Al-Fedaghi Sabah S. and Fawaz Al-Anzi (1989) A new algorithm to generate Arabic ... of Computational Arabic Morphology. DATR Documentation Report, University of Sussex. Al-Raya (1997) Newspaper. Quatar. Al-Shalabi, R. and M. Evens (1998) A Computational Morphology System for Arabic. Proceedings ... stems, and roots as Index terms in an Arabic Information Retrieval system. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45/8, pp. 548-560 Al-Najem, Salah R. (1998). An Explanation...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 07:20

... recall measures for evaluating parse accuracy do not mea- sure the accuracy of empty node and antecedent re- covery, but there is a fairly straightforward extension of them that can evaluate ... knowledge than the pattern-matching algorithm described here. This algorithm is both simple and general, and can serve as a benchmark against which more complex ap- proaches can be evaluated. NP NP DT the NN man SBAR S NP NNP Sam VP VBZ ... A pattern extracted from the tree displayed in Figure 1. accuracy of transitivity labelling was not systemati- cally evaluated here. 2.2 Patterns and matchings Informally, patterns are minimal...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 08:20

... before AB any Move from after trigram ABC to before ABC any Figure 1: Possible transformations. A, B, C, J, and K are specific characters; x and y can be any character. ~J and ~K can be any character ... that character and begins the search starting at the next character. In this manner, an initial segmen- tation can be obtained that is more informed than a simple character-as-word approach. ... system; the algorithm can be arbi- trarily simple as long as it assigns some form of initial segmentation. 322 Initial algorithm Character-as-word Maximum matching Maximum matching + CAW NMSU...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 23:20

... deal with all natural language phenomena. This has been argued for tree-local and even set-local MCTAG on the basis of scrambling data from lan- guages such as German (Becker et al., 1992; Ram- bow, ... On matrix languages. Information and Control, 23:86–96. Aravind K. Joshi and Yves Schabes. 1997. Tree- Adjoning Grammars. In G. Rozenberg and A. Salo- maa, editors, Handbook of Formal Languages, ... from a first inspection of the MC- TAG analyses proposed for natural languages (see Chen-Main and Joshi (2007) for an overview), it seems that there are no important natural language phenomena that...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 16:21

... related operation called the Fourier Transformation) is one of the things that makes quantum mechanical algorithms more pow- erful than classical algorithms and forms the basis for most significant ... 4 state system is of the form: , where and are arbitrary real numbers. Note that, unlike the Walsh-Hadamard transformation and other state transition matrices, the probability in each state stays ... = Pv v Dv v i – 2A+ ( ) A A v i –( )+( ) 1 N N 1–( ) 2C 2 N A B C D A B C D Average (α) Average (α) (before) (after) (before) (after) Average Average 2 ence, it is natural to ask - how fast can the basic...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 13:20

... Franz J. Och, and Daniel Marcu. 2003. Statistical phrase-based translation. In HLT-NAACL 2003: Main Proceedings, pages 127–133, Edmon- ton, Alberta, Canada, May 27 - June 1. Shankar Kumar and ... 1993. The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation: Pa- rameter Estimation. CL, 19(2):263–311. David Chiang. 2005. A hierarchical phrase-based model for statistical machine translation. In ... similar to sequen- tial natural language annotation problems such as part-of-speech tagging and shallow parsing, and the novel training algorithm presented in this pa- per is actually most similar...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 01:20

... Centralized Tabu-Based Algorithm (CTBA) [6] and a random channel attribution method (RANDOM).Weevaluatetheperformanceofchannel assignment by analyzing the percentage of removed interference achieved ... in ACM MobiHoc,68–77 (2005) 22. S Avallone, IF Akyildiz, G Ventre, A channel and rate assignment algorithm and a layer-2.5 forwarding paradigm for multi-radio wireless mesh networks. IEEE/ACM ... used, as it is able to accurately approximate the beha- vior of a fading radio channel in burst applications. Parameters were adjusted so that the GE model yields 5% average packet loss and loss bursts...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 02:20

... has become available. Efficient organization and manipulation of this data are required for many tasks, such as data classification for storage or navigation, differential processing according to ... A. Bugatti, A. Flammini, and P. Migliorati, “Audio classifica- tion in speech and music: a comparison between a statistical and a neural approach,” EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, ... stages. The first stage is a supervised learning phase, based on a statistical approach. In this phase training data is collected from speech and music signals separately, and after processing and...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 20:20

... demonstrated. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that a single algorithm can replace several independent algorithms required for removal of dierent artifacts. Copyright â 2008 S. Manikandan and ... algorithm is that a single algorithm with improved performance can replace several independent algorithms required for removal of different artifacts. Application of the proposed algorithm to black and color ... of mean square error [MSE], peak-signal- to-noise ratio [PSNR], and image enhancement factor [IEF] and compared with standard algorithms already in use. Improved performance of the proposed algorithm...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 00:20

... Takahashi and Takahashi 2007, Marino and Xu 2006, Combettes and Hirstoaga 2005, Iiduka and Takahashi 2005, and many others. Copyright q 2008 X. Gao and Y. Guo. This is an open access article ... Hilbert spaces,” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. 318, no. 1, pp. 43–52, 2006. 9 H K. Xu, “Iterative algorithms for nonlinear operators,” Journal of the London Mathematical ... 4, Iiduka and Takahashi 18, Marino and Xu 8, Qin et al. 28, S. Takahashi and W. Takahashi 6, Wittmann 30,and many others. We will need the following result concerning the W-mapping W n . Lemma...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 03:20

... the binary pattern and the binary-valued image watermark to be embedded. In the extraction stage, a binary pattern is calculated from the test audio signal first and then an estimated watermark is ... 2001. [7] T. Sun, W. Quan, and S X. Wang, “Zero-watermark water- marking for image authentication,” in Proceedings of the Signal and Image Processing, pp. 503–508, Kauai, Hawaii, USA, Au- gust 2002. [8] ... blocks according to the size of the watermark. Next, the variance of each block was compared with the average of all variances to gener- ate a binary pattern. Finally, an exclusive or (XOR) opera- tion...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 19:20

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 22:20

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20