a language for documents

... instantiate a single feature structure embodying meaning representations for both source and target language expressions in a machine translation application Similarly, the transfer rules of Zajac ... to another An alternative would be to formulate transfer rules that encompass a wider context; drawbacks of such an approach would be that it is not possible to cater for all contexts, and that, ... condition that, in order for ]: and A to be related by R, any FSs they contain which are explicitly connected via variable binding and a transfer correspondence statement in T(R) are also related As will...

Ngày tải lên: 01/04/2014, 00:20

... the actual implementation, for an average value av and a standard variation sv, we use a relatively simple approximation as follows (i) First of all, the underlying discrete repartition law is approximated ... literals) abce is a solution of the formula It means that variables a and e should be false; variables b and c should be true; and variable d can be either true or false The monomial abce, therefore, ... 1–38, 1997 M Bernardo, L Donatiello, and P Ciancarini, “Stochastic process algebra: from an algebraic formalism to an architectural description language, ” in Performance Evaluation of Complex...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 22:20

... null All Jaja objects are serializable 6.5 Kawa Kawa is an ambitious Scheme implementation It includes a Scheme to Java byte code compiler Each function becomes a Java class compiled and loaded at ... that are at least as fast as Java applets Easy access By implementing an integrated development environment for LISP as an applet, web denizens are able to start writing and running LISP programs ... described above, is generated automatically This primitive information can also be used by a LISP-to-Java compilier 7.4 Network citizenship and Java integration With Java as the implementation language, ...

Ngày tải lên: 22/10/2014, 18:11

... computers for financial gain professional criminals - attackers who attack computers for personal financial gain vandals - attackers who attack computers to cause damage 15 incident attack(s) (s) Attackers ... actually take place during an event For example, when a user logs in to an account, we classify the action as authenticate and the target as account The actual action that takes place is for the ... makes these attacks a distinctive group is a combination of factors, each of which we may only have partial information about First, there may only be one attacker or there may be several attackers...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 08:20

... implemented as a ∧ b, and a+ b as a ∨ b The Dyna programmer can declare the agenda discipline—i.e., the order in which updates are processed—to obtain variant algorithms Although Dyna supports stack and ... partial hypotheses are assembled, or where consistency has to be maintained It is already being used for parsing, syntax-based machine translation, morphological analysis, grammar induction, and ... permitted axioms may have values between and 1.8 C++ Interface and Implementation A Dyna program compiles to a set of portable C++ classes that manage the items and perform inference These classes can...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 16:20

... terms and collocations that represent various hues, darkness, saturation and other natural language collocations We also perform a comprehensive analysis of the data by investigating several questions ... and define a set of concepts associated with that color For Task 2, we showed a particular facial feature and a swatch in a particular color, and asked 50 workers to name the color and describe ... Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, HLT ’05, pages 579–586, Stroudsburg, PA, USA Association for Computational Linguistics Brent Berlin and Paul Kay...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 02:20

... the 4th DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop, pages 152-157, Pacific Grove, CA., 1991 Morgan Kaufmann [Gale and Church, 1991b] William A Gale and Kenneth W Church A program for alinging ... concrete example An English and a French versions of a software manual contain 628 and 640 paragraphs, respectively In all, there are 30 paragraphs embedded in them which not have a translation (some ... considered The actual score for deciding that two paragraphs are matched also takes into consideration a sequence of paragraphs immediately preceding and following them (see figure for an illustration)...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 10:20

... metaphors are quite common (e.g eye of a needle, leg of a table, etc.) and are called catachretic metaphors They appear in a language to remedy the gap in vocabulary (Black, 1954) These metaphors ... to calculate the relatedness, but as it was already mentioned WordNet for the Russian language does not exist yet Another way to calculate semantic relatedness is using Wikipedia (Mihalcea, 2007; ... and Walter G Charles 1991 Contextual correlates of semantic similarity Language and Cognitive Processes, 6(1):128 Malvina Nissim and Katja Markert 2003 Syntactic features and word similarity for...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... with a capital letter Markables are the carriers of the actual annotation information They can be queried by means of string matching and by means of attribute-value combinations A markable query ... (i.e span) of basedata elements (Figure 2) Normally, however, a markable is also associated with arbitrarily many user-defined attribute-value pairs (Figure 3, Figure 4) Markables can also be ... speaker’s gender Relation operators for associative relations (i.e markable set and markable pointer) are nextpeer, anypeer and nexttarget, anytarget, respectively Assuming the sample data from Section...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 04:22

... is an object in the hierarchi- fies languages if a particular KS is applicable for specally organized KB, and information in a specific KS cific languages can be inherited from a more general ... [i] Chinatsu Aone, Hatte Blejer, Sharon Flank, Douglas McKee, and Sandy Shinn The Murasaki Project: Multilingual Natural Language Understanding In Proceedings of the ARPA Human Language Technology ... Discourse Anaphora Technical report, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, 1978 [7] Ido Dagan and Alon Itai Automatic Acquisition of Constraints for the Resolution of Anaphora References and Syntactic Ambiguities...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 07:20

... only symbols Both format S and format A are designed for the particular characters available on the printers and card punches in current use Other formats may be made available if and when other ... separated by a space, the left half and the right half are separated by an equal sign, the right half and the routing are separated by two fraction bars, and the routing and the go-to are separated ... of an abbreviation in the routing calling for format A, a special transliteration takes place The purpose of this transliteration is to allow all of the characters available on the input and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 19:20

... manually annotated data is that linguistically motivated morphological segmentation is not necessarily the best possible segmentation for a certain task Evaluation against a manually annotated corpus ... sleeping’) For words that are subject to one of the above processes it is not trivial to automatically group related words and detect regular transformational patterns A range of automated algorithms for ... semantic and syntactic information is very attractive because it adds an additional dimension, but these approaches have to cope with more severe data sparseness issues than approaches that emphasize...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

... conflated Figure illustrates the correspondences between a trie and a portion of a CIC lattice for a small vocabulary con- a. as.o.os.tro cas a. as.o.os 43 african cas jurídic l a. as.o a. as.os a. o.os ... Inflection Class Search Space To define a search space wherein inflection classes of a natural language can be identified, my algorithm accepts as input a monolingual corpus for the language and proposes ... while a paradigm is a set of cells exactly filled by the word forms of some lexeme A particular natural language may have many paradigms In English, a language with very little inflectional morphology,...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 06:20

... formalism is to permit a clean semantics for the language W e have provided a denotational semantics for PATR-ll [Pereiraand Shieber, 84] based on the information systems domain theory of Dana ... Verb be = V Con- structs Clearly, the bare PATR-II formalism, as it was presented in Section 2.1, is sorely inadequate for any major attempt at building natural -language grammars because of ... pp 95-100 Kaplan, R and J Bresnan, 1983: "LexlcaI-Functionai Grammar: A Formal System for Grammatical Representation," in J 13resnan (ed.), The mental representation of grammatical rclati, rr~...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 01:21

... relations of a sentence But what about the logical relations? Recall that each clause has a unique head end that the functional features of each phrase are identified with those of its head For ... (O~J)" A ~mED 'A~ m~C~ NU~ SG~ ) It is composed of grammtical ftmction naras, s~antic forms and feature symbols The crucial elements of LFG (in contrast to transformational g~n.ar)are the grammticel ... the anaphoric link in (2) is preserved But (6) does - for configurational reasons - not allow for an anaphoric relation between the "she" and "a woman" The same happens intersententially as shown...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 05:21

... NATIVE LANGUAGE CODES AFR AKA ALB AMA ARA ARM ASM AZE BAM BAK BAQ BEL BEM BEN BER BIK BOS BUL BUR CAT CEB NYA CHI CHV Afrikaans Akan Albanian Amharic Arabic Armenian Assamese Azerbaijani Bambara ... BWA BRA BRN BGR BFA BDI KHM CMR CAN CPV CYM CAF TCD CHL CHN Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan ... ORM PAU POL PON POR Latvian Lingala Lithuanian Luba-Lulua Luo Macedonian Madurese Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Marathi Marshallese Mende Minangkabau Mongolian Mossi Nepali Norwegian Oriya Oromo...

Ngày tải lên: 25/03/2014, 10:41

... produce a richer representation Moreover, Reimer and Hahn did not actually produce a natural language summary, but rather a condensed text graph Efforts towards the summarization of multimodal documents ... January Aur´ lie N´ v´ ol, Thomas M Deserno, St´ fan J Darmoni, e e e e Mark Oliver G¨ ld, and Alan R Aronson 2009 Natu ural language processing versus content-based image analysis for medical ... implementation Information graphics, such as bar charts and line graphs, are commonly found in popular media (e.g., magazines, newspapers) accompanying article text To integrate this graphical content,...

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 21:20

... database that is provided with the Metamath package and is the subject matter of Chapter Any language (a metalanguage) used to describe mathematics (an object language) must have a mathematical ... computer language that describes formal mathematical systems and expresses proofs of theorems in those systems Such a language is called a metalanguage by mathematicians “Metamath” is also the name ... like a bug in a computer program? After all, you’ve read that famous mathematicians have occasionally made mistakes, and you certainly know you’ve made your 1.1 MATHEMATICS AS A COMPUTER LANGUAGE...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 12:20

... Lorraine Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners: Practical Approaches for Teachers Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1996 Oxford, Rebecca L Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher ... broader Canadian society and in school be seen as an addition to a student’s linguistic experience Based on Margaret Early, “Enabling First and Second Language Learners in the Classroom, Language ... Oral Language Scoring Rubric Prototype Oral Interview Table 4.12 in O’Malley, J Michael and Lorraine ValdezPierce, Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners: Practical Approaches for...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 05:20

... several distribution and pattern experts Ademar Aguimar, Steve Berczuk, Alan O’Callaghan, Ekatarina Chtcherbina, Jens Coldewey, Richard Gabriel, Ian Graham, Prashant Jain, Nora Koch, Doug Lea, Klaus ... BUILDER (527), FACTORY METHOD (529), and DISPOSAL METHOD (531) Database Access: DATABASE ACCESS LAYER (538), DATA MAPPER (540), ROW DATA GATEWAY (542), TABLE DATA GATEWAY (544), and ACTIVE RECORD ... computing • Chapter 1, On Patterns and Pattern Languages, outlines all aspects of the pattern and pattern language concepts that are relevant for understanding our pattern language for distributed...

Ngày tải lên: 01/06/2014, 10:57