a historical perspective on ecosystem engineering

... of U.S railroad corporations The corporate bond market, essentially a railroad bond market in its early decades, can properly be viewed as an American financial innovation that later spread to ... tolerably consistent set of data allowing one to compare historical bond market developments across countries His data appear to indicate that as early as 1850 the U.S corporate bond market was as large ... bonds Another reason was that commercial banks introduced term loans as an alternative to bond financing As an institution-based rather than market-based method of financing, the term loan had...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 03:20

... 29 PIRI AVERAGE PRICE CHANGE Rank Location Country/Area Nairobi Kenya Kenyan Coast Kenya Miami US Bali Indonesia Jakarta Indonesia London UK Vancouver Canada Moscow Russia Toronto Canada 10 Beijing ... nationalities now Russian Hong Kong British French American Swiss German Chinese Singaporean Canadian Nationalities growing in importance Chinese Indian Brazilian Malaysian Norwegian Kazakhstani ... Zealand 44 Washington DC US 45 Barcelona Spain 46 Paris France 47 Dubai UAE 48 Shanghai China 49 Madrid Spain 50 Singapore Singapore 51 Geneva Switzerland 52 Tuscany Italy 53 Barbados Caribbean...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 11:20

... readable and can be used to create a relational database To accommodate data from NMR and cryoEM experiments, a PDB Exchange Dictionary (PDBx) was created that has the same syntax as mmCIF but contains ... There are specialty databases such as the Nucleic Acid Database (Berman et al., 1992) and the HIV Protease Structural Database (Ravichandran et al., 2002) that create in-depth resources for researchers ... comparison with their own, now more than half of the papers that cite this one publication alone describe bioinformatic and computational analyses of structural data Enormous efforts are under way...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 11:20

... Fuentes Quintana, E (dir.) Econom a y economistas españoles La consolidación académica de la econom a, Vol (Barcelona, 2002) and A Cuervo, La crisis bancaria en Espa a 1977-1985 (Barcelona, 1988) ... such as fixed term savings accounts and current accounts.37 The Catalonian savings banks, particularly the Caja de Pensiones de Barcelona and Sabadell, and the Basque and Galician savings banks, ... whilst corporation tax was 30 per cent (1957 Taxation Reform Law) 52 M Lagares, ‘La Hacienda pública en las facultades de Ciencias Económicas y en la sociedad española durante la segunda mitad del...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 20:21

... response to the changes, and about the process for municipal decisionmaking;  discover what provincial and local actions are taking place in response to the changes;  have a chance to say what ... Table of Contents I Background on Provincial Budget Cuts to Social Assistance …………… Cap on health and non- health related discretionary benefits.……… Community Start-Up and Maintenance Benefit ... will continue to be delivered as a mandatory benefit without change Health-related benefits are costs like basic dental services, eyeglasses, and hearing aids for adults, as well as funerals and...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 00:20

... libraries and assume physical consolidation of individual print collections into an above-the-institution aggregation This paper takes an alternative approach, based on a broader view of library ... advocating megaregions as the appropriate scale for achieving consolidation and cooperative management in practice Assuming that regions are in fact the natural unit of consolidation, the scale at which ... the publications in the North American print book collection are only available in one regional collection, or are only available in either the US or Canadian “extra-regional” collection 17 Eighty...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 13:20

... misinterpretation of label information and exploitation Secondly, regulating authorities should strive towards mandating labelling regulations that require a simpler format for label information that consumers ... decisions (Lazarowicz, 2005) In addition, educational programmes should educate consumers on interpreting technical label terminology and layout and to practically apply it in decision making, because ... regulations and thereby to reduce misleading label information Despite this, international research indicates that many consumers not trust claims made on labels and find label information difficult...

Ngày tải lên: 08/04/2014, 18:33

... organizational decision making 3 Model A central idea of performance feedback theory is that decision makers use an aspiration level to evaluate organizational performance along an organizational ... of simulation studies on how aspiration-level learning contributes to organizational adaptation Finally I discuss how organizational goal variables are chosen 39 40 Organizational Learning from ... as would a decision maker who lacks the information to build an adaptive aspiration level Are there natural aspiration levels in reality? Arguably, the status quo is often a natural aspiration...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 02:20

... respond 3.3 Aspiration levels and adaptation Is it helpful or harmful for organizations that managers use performance feedback and aspiration levels to manage change? As noted earlier, historical ... Historical aspiration levels track the actual performance of the organization, and thus may let the aspiration level lose alignment with what is actually achievable in a given 66 Organizational Learning ... performance relative to the aspiration level affects organizational search, risk taking, and change This broad impact makes performance a “master switch” that controls a range of organizational responses...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 02:20

... problem and managerial risk tolerance, innovation generation results from organizational search only As discussed in chapter 3, organizations search habitually through institutionalized search, playfully ... Lending officers, analysts, and bond traders are individuals taking risk on behalf of the organizations, as managers are, and the risk taken by a single trader can be substantial (Shapira 2000) Thus, ... so changes in the rate of launching innovations over time can be investigated, and measures of organizational slack and search effort are also available over time Thus, 98 Organizational Learning...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 02:20

... organizational change that many managers hesitate to make We can study the acquisition of assets by pursuing the usual idea that performance below the aspiration level causes organizational change and managerial ... (below zero) Share – historical aspiration (above zero) Share – historical aspiration (below zero) Inconsistent aspiration levels Change below zero: Share – social aspiration All changes Table 4.7 ... preceding ones have shown that performance feedback affects a variety of consequential organizational behaviors Risk taking, research and development, innovations, and asset investment are all behaviors...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 02:20

... advertising rates, targeted advertisers, and format changes Because radio broadcasting has many local markets, there is cross-sectional variation in social aspiration levels Because data are available ... estimates of historical aspiration levels Audience share estimates are a goal variable viewed as important by all radio station managers and sufficiently public that data are easy to compare across ... collect many years of performance data and one year of outcome data The potential for all organizations in a given year to be affected by third causes such as a common social aspiration level...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 02:20

... organizations can help managers make differentiated social aspiration levels where the most similar organizations have greater weight Again, this differentiation is only helpful if managers are ... cases: a manager who is fully rational and acting in the organization’s interest, and a manager who is boundedly rational and selfish The answer is that the former case seems unproblematic, and ... the aspiration level viewed as most helpful for organizational adaptation A quick review of section 3.3 should convince the reader that the form of aspiration level matters for organizational...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 02:20

... Prentice-Hall 1995 Institutions and Organizations Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Scott, W Richard and John W Meyer 1983 “The organization of societal sectors.” Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality, ... 198 8a “Introduction: a chronicle of speculations about decision-making in organizations.” Decisions and Organizations Oxford: Blackwell 1–21 1988b “Variable risk preferences and adaptive aspirations.” ... Charles A. , III and Jennifer A Chatman 1986 “Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: the effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior.” Journal...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 02:20

... illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, ... disease (Dawson and Dawson 2003) and possibly aging (Balaban et al 2005) Mutations in nucleus and mitochondria encoded subunits have been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases (Sazanov ... helices contains an apparent half-channel for proton translocation: TM4-8 cytoplasmic half; TM9-13 periplasmatic half 12 R.G Efremov and L Sazanov (Efremov and Sazanov 2011b) (Fig 1. 2a, b) The half-channels...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 09:20

... leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981, 78:6476-6480 Yoshida M, Miyoshi I, Hinuma Y: Isolation and characterization ... PM, Kalyanaraman VS, Haverkos HW, Cabradilla CD, Warfield DT, Jaffe HW, Harrison AK, Gottlieb MS, Goldfinger D, Chermann JC, et al.: Lymphadenopathy associated virus infection of a blood donor–recipient ... because it was from the B-pool of two pools in culture Many probably thought that the finding that a contamination had taken place already in the Pasteur laboratory was "convenient" for Gallo...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 23:20

... treatment concept for gunshot related intracranial haematomas Some authors had recommended an evacuation of haematomas [22,23], whereas others prefer evacuation only in cases of elevated intracranial ... threatening injuries of the thorax are haemato- or haematopneumothorax, tension pneumothorax and pericardial tamponade They should be diagnosed within the first physical examination and be treated ... have similar personalities as closed fractures [4,6,71] Unstable fractures require an appropriate method of surgical stabilization; those that can be controlled easily may be treated non-operatively...

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 23:20

... summary, the LCA probably was not able to produce either L-aspartate or L-asparagine via the modern canonical alternologs (nitrilase and asparaginase), but could via the degradation of oxaloacetate ... Additional data files 18 The following additional data are available with the online version of this paper Additional data file is a graph showing a detailed view of the bipartite network analyzed ... work Additional data file provides details of enzymes analyzed in this work Additional data file is a detailed view of pathways and branches analyzed in this work Additional data file is a bipartite...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:21

... evolution reveals biochemical networks and functional modules Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:15428-15433 Ravasz E, Somera AL, Mongru DA, Oltvai ZN, Barabasi AL: Hierarchical organization of modularity ... following additional data are available online with this paper Additional data file shows the reconstructed metabolic networks from various databases (EcoKegg, EcoCyc, RefKegg and MetaCyc), eliminating ... duplication Thus, we suggest that an ancestral pathway catalyzed both fatty-acid degradation and biosynthesis The direction of this ancestral pathway would be dependent on the acyl carriers and fatty...

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 17:22

... collaboration with other international organisations The member countries include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, ... International Energy Agency International Energy Forum Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Relations International Renewable Energy Agency Million tons of Carbon Dioxide North Atlantic ... energy and environmental issues from a domestic-international interaction perspective in a comparative framework Figure 1.4: International Political Economy: A Conceptual Map From a theoretical perspective, ...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 08:17