3 optics anatomy physiology of the visual system

... function of the cochlea than of any other sensory organ C H A P T E R Anatomy of the Ear ABSTRACT 10 The ear consists of the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear The outer ear consists of the ... original work on the different subjects Understanding of the anatomy and the function of the auditory system together with knowledge about the pathophysiology of the auditory system are essential ... of the complexity of many disorders of the auditory system the clinician must have a thorough understanding of the basic functions of the entire auditory system and the interactions between the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... at the entrance of the ear canal compared with the sound pressure that is measured in the place of the head The effect of the head on the sound at the entrance of the ear canal is related to the ... ratio between the effective area of the tympanic membrane and the area of the stapes footplate, but the lever ratio of the middle ear bones also contributes The ratio of areas of the BOX 2.2 SOUND ... remarkable in the light of the FIGURE 2.12 (A) Average displacements of the umbo, the head of the stapes and the lenticular process of the incus (B) The lever ratio at 124 dB SPL at the tympanic...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... target of the classical pathways Another pathway from the IC to the primary cortex is via the posterior nucleus of the thalamus that sends axons to the AAF The neurons of the medial division of the ... parts of the MGB of the thalamus, the nonclassical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medial division of the MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] These divisions of the MGB receive their input from the ... of the fourth ventricle (Fig 5.15B) [72] The other part of the olivocochlear system projects mainly to the contralateral cochlea and the fibers of that system travel deeper in the brainstem The...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... difference between the latency of the N1 of the AP and that of the response from the intracranial portion of the auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the recording ... peak I of the ABR occurs with the same latency as the negative peak (N1) in the ECoG [ 233 ] The N1 peak of the ECoG is generated by the most peripheral portion of the auditory nerve and therefore ... portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the rostral portion of the floor of the lateral recess is the dorsal surface of the ventral cochlear...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... 30 3 30 4 30 5 30 6 30 7 30 8 30 9 31 0 31 1 31 2 31 3 31 4 31 5 31 6 31 7 199 the inferior colliculus Electroencephologr Clin Neurophysiol 88: 508–515, 19 93 Terkildsen K Acoustic reflexes of the human musculus ... 133 : 254–266, 2000 Szczepaniak WS and Møller AR Interaction between auditory and somatosensory systems: a study of evoked potentials in References 296 297 298 299 30 0 30 1 30 2 30 3 30 4 30 5 30 6 30 7 ... standard error of the mean are shown as a function of the intensity of the noise The TTS was measured 20 s after the end of the exposure In this study the noise exposure consisted of a band of noise,...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... that the mature nervous 248 Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology system is also plastic [125, 136 , 154, 165, 181, 194, 259, 268, 277, 290, 31 6, 31 9, 32 0, 33 8, 33 9] ... reaches the cochlear nucleus The growth of the amplitude of the reflex response is reduced in 242 Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology FIGURE 9.27 The growth of the ... selectivity of the ear (cf Chapter 3) The widening of the tuning of the basilar membrane broadens the “slices” of the spectrum of broad band sounds from which the cochlea provides information to the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... because of blockage of the synapses that provide connections from these other sensory systems to the auditory system That stimulation of the somatosensory system may affect the perception of tinnitus ... of the generation of the tinnitus The injury from the tumor to the auditory nerve may over time have caused changes in neural 258 Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology ... hyperactivity in the inferior colliculus [32 0] affects the function of the place cells4 in the hippocampus [1 03] This means that even the function of non-auditory systems of the brain may be...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... 44 .30 422.21 246. 03 230 .94 85.18 40. 03 56.65 0.001 0.256 0.579 0.000 0.790 0.876 0.175 4.08 13. 38 7.44 30 .00 4.12 13. 31 6. 73 30.12 1.97 1.42 2.19 3. 42 1 .35 1 .30 2.64 3. 42 4.70 14 .37 8.80 33 .00 ... specific dysfunction at the level of the pigmentum epithelium or the retina responsible for these findings The present study aimed to investigate the outer part of the visual system of depressed patients ... process visual information [9] A neglected area concerns the contribution of the visual system to the genesis of the circadian rhythms of the organism Especially the direct assessment of retinal...

Ngày tải lên: 08/08/2014, 21:20

... proved the eon'eetness of the system with a rigor and explicitness that is unusual for the great majority of mathematical proofs A Survey of the System gtructure Storage Allocation In the classical ... in their homing position Each process blocked in the course of task execution relies on the other processes for removal of the barrier Essentially, the proof in question is a demonstration of the ... the value of the semaphore called "sem" by If the resulting value of the semaphore concerned is positive, the V-operation in question has no further effect; if, however, the resulting value of...

Ngày tải lên: 12/09/2012, 15:05

... 4.5 millions of individual entrepreneurs);  90 % of the total number of establishments;  44 % of GDP;  45 % of employment Sources of financing Business partners, relatives or other people ... for Support of Small Entrepreneurship Basic conditions of Microfinance IInterest rate is approximately 6-8 % per month in the first borrowing month with its further reduction to 3- 4 % per month ... stimulation of goods and services production and distribution, and also for a mutuality of start-up enterprises in the acquisition of getting profits and a capital accumulation experience Main tasks of...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 03:15

... with the historical facets of his position, some with the philosophical, and some with both.4 What are the defining features of the morality system? At the end of Chapter 10 of Ethics and the Limits ... 66216 The Critique of the Morality System July 11, 2007 1 13 KANT AND THE MORALITY SYSTEM Now that we have a better idea of what Williams means by the morality system, ” what are we to make of his ... Kant, some of the most fundamental moral obligations concern the promotion of general ideals or ends such as our own perfection and the happiness of others The obligations of the morality system...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 07:20

... An Overview of the Financial System • Primary function of the Financial System is financial Intermediation • The channeling of funds from households, firms and governments ... shortage of funds (borrowers) • Direct finance vs Indirect finance 2-2 An Overview of the Financial System II 2 -3 Structure of Financial Markets I Debt Markets • Short-term (maturity < year) – the ... expertise and taking advantage of economies of scale 2- Function of Financial Intermediaries III Risk Sharing • Create and sell assets with low risk characteristics and then use the funds to buy assets...

Ngày tải lên: 05/01/2014, 16:55

... impair the pumping action of the heart, or when there is a threat of other complications The choice of drug is empirical If the desired effect is not achieved, another drug is tried Combinations of ... below the threshold for activation of the myofilaments (3 10–7 M), as the plasmalemmal binding sites regain their binding capacity; the SR pumps Ca2+ into its interior; and Ca2+ that entered the ... terms of their positive inotropic effect, !-sympathomimetics, unlike dopamine (p 114), are of little therapeutic use; they are also arrhythmogenic and the sensitivity of the !-receptor system...

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 19:20

... members of the family [4] The mechanism, hotly debated for many years, involves the attack of the protease on the P1-P1¢ bond in the reactive centre loop (RCL) of the serpin [5] The catalysis of the ... polymers of serpins, where the insertion of another molecule’s RCL takes place [8] Both of these result in the irreversible inactivation (generally) of the serpins, and, in the case of the anticoagulant ... bottom of the inhibitor [6] In the process, the structure of the protease appears to be deformed by being ‘crushed’ against the bottom of the inhibitor [7] In particular, this deformation of the...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 02:21

... 79.76 77.49 aux 93. 33 91.00 conj 72 .39 72.27 ta 42.61 51 .37 det 87. 73 90.48 arg mod 79.18 75.47 mod 74. 43 67.78 ncmod 75.72 69.94 xmod 53. 21 46. 63 cmod 45.95 30 .36 pmod 30 .77 33 .33 arg 77.42 76.45 ... pcomp 72. 73 66.67 F1 std GRs 78.61 10696 92.15 400 72 .33 595 46.58 292 89.09 1114 77.28 8295 70.95 39 08 72.72 35 50 49.70 178 36 .56 168 32 .00 12 76.94 438 7 78.24 31 27 72.27 136 3 72.61 135 4 30 .77 20.00 ... 77.42 76.45 subj or dobj 82 .36 74.51 subj 78.55 66.91 ncsubj 79.16 67.06 xsubj 33 .33 28.57 csubj 12.50 50.00 comp 75.89 79. 53 obj 79.49 79.42 dobj 83. 63 79.08 obj2 23. 08 30 .00 iobj 70.77 76.10 clausal...

Ngày tải lên: 20/02/2014, 12:20

... number AH00 734 0) by including the introns 32 16 33 05, 34 13 35 41, 36 33 37 22, 38 39 39 30 and 40 13 4205, respectively In the presence of contaminant genomic DNA, the expected size of the amplicons ... ions (m/z ¼ 34 8 .3, 37 9 .3 and 30 0 .3) were quantified by isotope dilution with the above-mentioned deuterated standards (same retention times and m/z ¼ 35 6 .3, 38 7 .3 and 30 4 .3) [44] and their amounts ... 32 332 32 339 Di Marzo, V., Bisogno, T., Sugiura, T., Melck, D & De Petrocellis, L (1998) The novel endogenous cannabinoid 37 78 I Matias et al (Eur J Biochem 269) 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 07:20

... DF Respiratory muscle strength aging of the respiratory system [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [ 23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30 ] [31 ] [32 ] [33 ] [34 ] [35 ] [36 ] and maximal voluntary ventilation ... recoil of the lung (Fig 2) [9] The kyphotic curvature of the spine and the anteroposterior diameter of the chest increase with aging, thereby decreasing the curvature of the diaphragm and thus its ... Conversely, there is a progressive decrease in vital capacity to approximately 75% of best values Because of the increased stiffness of the chest wall, the age-related diminished elastic recoil of the...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:20

... 17 of the Act concerning the conditions of Accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of ... equal to the sum of: — 50% of the share of its respective Member State in the population of the Community in the penultimate year preceding the establishment of the ESCB; — 50% of the share of its ... by the Governing Council 32 .7 The Governing Council shall take all other measures necessary for the application of this Article Article 33 Allocation of net profits and losses of the ECB 33 .1 The...

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 10:20

... and C mawsoni) However, the lack of a clear relationship with the Hb sequences of other nototheniid species suggests that in this case the evolution of the oxygen-transport system has occurred in ... feature of speciation in the pathway of evolution of the suborder Ó FEBS 20 03 3986 P Marinakis et al (Eur J Biochem 270) Fig Oxygenation enthalpy of Hb (A) and Hb (B) DH values were calculated in the ... species of the family Nototheniidae have one major and one minor Hb (Hb and Hb 2, 95% and 5% of the total, respectively) [2, 4,14] The two Hbs have the b-chain in common, with the exception of those...

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... On the basis of classical theories of immune surveillance and more recent awareness of the tumour-promoting properties of innate immune cells, researchers are now investigating the efficacy of ... localization of which was under paracrine TNFα control54 Inhibition of TNFα or induction of the super-repressor mutant of IκB (inhibitor of NFκB) in transgenic animals during the later stages of neoplastic ... transplants is increased when there is a previous history of alcohol and tobacco use66,67 On the other hand, the RR for the most common non-viral-associated solid tumours of epithelial origin is decreased...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 01:20