3 regulatory mechanisms of the effector phase

... oligomerization of pro-caspase results in its autocatalysis and/or activation, and the induction of the degradative phase of apoptosis through the activation of caspases and [23] An additional pathway of ... of Bcl2/Bcl-xL or by the complete ablation of Bax and Bak [22] Materials and methods The induction of apoptosis mediated by the extrinsic pathway is initiated by binding of death ligands to their ... 0.03) in the number of macrophages compared to Wt ankles More specifically, there was a 2.5-fold increase (p < 0.02) in the number of macrophages in the pannus of Bid-/compared to Wt joints There...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:20

... to the severity of the disease It is not yet clear, however, whether the induction of arthritis is due to the binding of citrullinated epitopes or cross-reactivity to other epitopes within the ... responses [112], indicating the complexity of interactions in the immune response The possible interactions of immune effector cells in the inflammatory phase of the arthritic joint are depicted ... the selectivity of the immune complex-facilitated antibody access to the joints [140] Furthermore, a role for the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein Bim, but not Bak and Bax, in the effector phase of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 08:23

... dimer are mainly limited to the conformation of the Glu-Pro dipeptide in the hinge region between the last b-strand and the core of CKS The crystal structure of the complex of CKS with CDK2 ⁄ cyclin ... for destabilizing the double bond character of the pThr-Pro bond [26] Further evidence is available for the catalytic mechanism of Pin1 resembling more closely that of the other prolyl cis ⁄ ... whereas in the study on cyclin E degradation, Pin1 was brought in by the phospho-cyclin E and not by the CDC4a component of the final complex (Fig 2) [35] Therefore, the outcome of the molecular...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... in other figures Sequence numbers refer to the locations of the transcriptional start site of hbpC (B) Alignments of the sequences of three HbpR-binding sites within the hbp gene region [19] The ... impaired in binding of the R13 region Both of these patterns contributed to the loss of binding contacts of mutant 72 Construction of a DA HbpR derivative In order to study whether the A-domain was ... of the UAS mutant names corresponds to those given in Fig (B) Graphical representation of the relative densities of the free DNA measured at increasing concentrations of HbpR The percentage of...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 17:20

... behavior of WT a-synuclein in the absence and the presence of PA700 Aliquots of WT a-synuclein assembly reactions in the absence (–) or the presence (+) of PA700, h and 18 h after the onset of the ... in the lag phase, a decrease in the slope of the exponential growth phase and of fluorescence intensity at steady state, which reflects a decrease in fibril formation The effect of PA700 on the ... promote the assembly of the 26S proteasome from the PA700 complex and 20S proteasome; (b) the opening of the channel leading to the 20S proteasome; and (c) the binding and unfolding of substrate...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 22:20

... features of its hysteretic properties Thus, the structures of the binary and ternary complexes of hPAH have provided a detailed picture of the protein contacts involved in the binding of biopterin cofactor ... (relative to the catalytic iron) and the hydrogenbonding network of the bound H4biopterin Moreover, the substrate induced repositioning of the cofactor also accounts for the release of its interaction ... decrease of phosphorylation rate seen at the concentration x of H4biopterin vo is the rate in the absence of H4biopterin and vmin is the rate at very high concentrations of H4biopterin The observed...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 09:20

... Fig.8 The Fig shows the constancy of the output dc-voltage (Vs = 0.495 V) when the amplitude of noise reaches 5V Similarly, we record the dependence of the phase shift on the amplitude of noise ... VNU Journal of Science, Mathematics - Physics 24 (2008) 239-244 243 The development of the amplitude and the phase shift according to the noise level Noise (V) Fig The dependence of the output ... If we take the average of the measured data, we can obtain the more accurate result Noise (V) Fig The dependence of the phase shift on the noise level Conclusion The implemented two -phase lock-in...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 11:20

... stand, or another form of coordinated operation Consequently, we shall not consider this element of the program in the analysis The fourth goal of the program is to improve the income of the taxi ... consideration of the enforcement mechanisms needed to replace almost 80% of the taxi fleet in the Federal District Yet, there is some confusion in the official perception of how the taxi substitution ... in models of so-called “rational scrappage”, where the optimal decision of the owner to keep or scrap the vehicle is based on the minimization of the present value of the costs from the two alternatives,...

Ngày tải lên: 29/03/2014, 14:20

... distillation of the aqueous phase, the formic acid and much of the acetic acid apparently distilled over with the water phase The remaining organic acids with low volatility in the oil phase would then ... volume” of the solute, solubility is predicted This is satisfied if the distance from the center of the solvent sphere to the center of the solute sphere (Rij) is smaller than the radius of the solute ... during pyrolysis • The extent of vapor dilution in the reactor • The time and temperature history of the vapors in the reactor • The time and temperature history of the vapors in the heated transfer...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 14:02

... 0; the DPL model reduces to the single -phase lagging (SPL) model [3] The time delay tq is interpreted as the relaxation time due to the fast-transient effects of thermal inertia, while the phase ... established within the medium can still precede the heat flux The application of the heat flux at the boundary does not guarantee the precedence of the heat flux vector to the temperature gradient ... gradient at all In fact, whether the heat flux vector precedes the temperature gradient or not depends on the combined effects of the thermal loading and thermal properties of the materials, as was...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 04:20

... establishment) the P-CSCF asserts the identity of the user to the rest of the nodes in the network This way, other nodes not need to further authenticate the user, because they trust the P-CSCF The rest of ... is GPRS, the location of the P-CSCF is subordinated to the location of the GGSN In roaming scenarios, GPRS allows location of the GGSN either in the home or in the visited network (the SGSN is ... interface to the HSS The main reasons to interface the HSS are as follows • To download the authentication vectors of the user who is trying to access the IMS from the HSS The S-CSCF uses these vectors...

Ngày tải lên: 01/08/2014, 17:21

... A-peroxidase reaction allowed the visualization of 15 stigmatic and pollinic glycoproteins according Differences to the glycoprotein type of increases were observed, distinct in the compat- cross: one ... increase of its activity (one isoenzyme of isoelectric point about pH 4.2) from 6-20 h after pollination was detected only in the compatible cross Conclusion The compatible progamic phase nigra, ... divergence could likely be related to a change in the physiology of the compatible pollen tube, shifting from an autotrophic to a heterotropic type of nutrition callose Biochemical studies focused...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 04:20

... to the authors of such articles, one should also consider the publication of the recalculated data These data can be used to improve our dose-effect models, which aid the further improvement of ... based on the internal target volume (ITV) concept or the time-averaged mean position of the tumour PTV based on the ITV concept For 4D CT scans, the ITV can be derived from the union of GTV delineations ... inspection of the projected ITV contours on the CT-datasets of the end-inspiration and end-expiration phase bins using axial, sagittal and coronal views In addition to the MIP contouring, the GTV...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 09:22

... expected, the half-life of the 24CAs mRNAs was higher than that of the rest of the alleles after and 24 hours of anti-CD3 stimulation As shown in Figure 2a, scattering of the data in the non-24CAs ... modulating the expression of the CD154 gene As with other cytokine genes, the 3' UTR of the CD154 mRNA contains binding sites for RNA–protein complexes that are responsible for the lability of the mRNA ... whether the association of any variable with RA depended on the presence of any other variable This analysis revealed that the association of DQ3 with RA was dependent on DR4, as expected from the...

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 10:21

... for 30 minutes and then incubated with trypsin at 30 nM for hours The addition of trypsin to the cells, pretreated with the PAR2-AP, further enhanced the COX-2 level (Figure 3B) These results indicate ... and then trypsin for another 30 minutes The relative levels of p-p65 were calculated by normalizing the band densities to that of GAPDH and setting the controls as 100% Chen et al Journal of ... synergistically induce COX-2 [18] Recently, the expression of COX-2 was shown to be induced by the activation of PAR-2 through bacterial infection, or the treatment of either trypsin or PAR2-AP, and mediated...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 05:21

... reduction of the virus titer by more than orders of magnitude in Madin-Darby canine http://www.virologyj.com/content/6/1/124 kidney (MDCK) cells [28] However, the target sites and mechanisms of PVP-I ... influenza A and the other virus infections have hitherto remained unknown In this study, we investigated mechanisms underlying PVP-I antiinfluenza activity The apparent reduction of influenza A ... (Figure 3B) Effect of PVP-I on influenza A virus sialidase activity In order to examine the effect of PVP-I on sialidase activity of different subtypes of influenza virus strains, the enzyme activity...

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 04:22

... embryonic part of the blastocyst and the other becomes the abembryonic part It also has been argued that the orientation of the first cleavage, implied to be marked by the position of the second ... generated independently of early cell cleavage but is related with the shape of the zona pellucida And the rotation of the embryo within the zona pellucida may help to explain the lack of correlation ... enclosing the blastocyst cavity and the ICM By the late blastocyst, the PE appears as a distinct layer of cells on the surface of the ICM lining the cavity, with deeper cells comprising the pluripotent...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:45

... by causing the water channel, aquaporin, to cycle to the surface in the distal nephron of the kidney (Orloff and Handler 1967) In contrast, receptors of the second family, composed of the vasopressin ... in the ori 34 promote rearrangement of the transgenes in the nuclei of the embryos If the clone was a plasmid, it was fractionated on an agarose gel to separate the insert from the vector The ... diagram of mouse brain a) A drawing of the brain as a hypothetical composite of sections in various saigital planes, with rostral (anterior) to the left The line shows approximately the plane of section...

Ngày tải lên: 15/09/2015, 22:13

... out to identify the possible protective mechanisms of pHL The following parameters were measured: • The lesion area and the number of apoptotic cells in the cortex • The number of apoptotic-like ... concludes the whole thesis with an explanation of the outcomes of this project in relation to the initial objectives Limitations of the study will also be discussed The possible areas of research ... increased the activities of SOD, CAT and GPx in brain tissue but did not affect the activity of GST Furthermore, the expressions of Bax and PARP were significantly reduced while the expressions of Bcl-xL...

Ngày tải lên: 02/10/2015, 17:15

... These interactions were rather weak but could be important in the context of the IFN-b promoter if the arrangement of the PRDs allows them to occur The importance of these interactions was tested ... families and the lack of viability resulting from gene targeting of either p300 or CBP places restrictions on the use of mammalian cells to dissect the activation mechanism of the IFN-b gene The IFN ... role in the context of a given promoter if the arrangement of cis-acting elements allows them to occur Synergistic activation of the IFN-b gene promoter in insect cells The ability of the IFN-b...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 13:20