18 language sells develop your language part 2

... example Your choice of syntax will vary, your sense of pragmatic requirements like interruptions, politeness or rudeness norms, your sense of turn-taking in conversation – all of these features of language ... everyone who has ever tried B8 92 DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH to stop language changing have failed, and often result in further and faster changes in the language (see also strand 9) Stability ... natural human way The problem for researchers is deciding which part of the vast array of knowledge is relevant for a particular moment of language use For example, when we walk up to a (terrestrial)...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... Stockwell, Peter II Title PE11 12. M78 20 10 428 .0071—dc 22 2009033498 ISBN 0 -20 3-85811-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 10: 0-415-44886-7 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0-415-44885-9 (pbk) ISBN 10: 0 -20 3-85811-5 (ebk) ISBN 13: ... include Texture, 20 09, Language in Theory, Routledge 20 05 (with Mark Robson), Cognitive Poetics: An Introduction, Routledge 20 02, The Poetics of Science Fiction, Investigating English Language (with ... to phonetics, then developing your knowledge, then testing out and exploring some key ideas, and finally offering you a key case-study to read The strand across A2, B2, C2, D2, and the other strands...

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... (Carter and Sealey) 191 1 92 200 20 6 21 4 22 0 22 6 23 2 23 9 24 5 25 1 25 7 26 5 27 1 Further reading References Glossarial index 27 8 28 2 29 7 CONTENTS CROSS-REFERENCED INTRODUCTION Topic DEVELOPMENT 13 Methods ... expressions in spoken language (Cheshire) 21 4 Advertising discourse (Cook) 22 0 Socialisation and grammatical development (Ochs/Schieffelin) 22 6 Promoting perception (Field) 23 2 Sounds Words Meanings ... 88 91 95 99 103 107 111 117 118 125 129 135 viii CONTENTS 10 11 12 13 Texts in action Learning to read Exploring the mind Corrections Identify yourself Influencing language Exploring literature...

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... diacritical mark Say the words pool and lip out loud to yourself concentrating in particular on your realisation of the phoneme /l/ Decide whether your articulations can be represented as having a ... about how your organs of speech work If you are a little reticent to this at first you can always lock yourself away in a private room while reading the units on sounds! Mastering exactly how your ... the English language, or any other language for that matter, can only exist as abstract entities They can never be literally produced by speakers The written system of the English language, or...

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... hopeless Words and their parts The notion of a word is therefore not particularly straightforward, and linguists prefer to use the term morpheme for the smallest meaningful units of language ‘Certain’, ... ‘anti-raygun’, and so on Over the course of the development of English, most new words in the language have been free morphemes borrowed from other languages or adapted from existing words as set ... trapeziums We will look at examples of these trapeziums in B1 as part of our more detailed consideration of vowels and consonants 6 A2 INTRODUCTION: KEY BASIC CONCEPTS MORPHOLOGY AND LEXICOLOGY...

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... to a shift in language researchers’ focus, from being less interested in language as a theoretical, abstract system with idealised speakers, to being more interested in actual language usage ... been if direct speech acts were used instead? A4 GRAMMATICAL PARTS As native speakers of a language, we all have the rules of that language interiorised in our minds: we know how to express just ... expressions are used to point backwards or forwards to particular moments within written or spoken texts Studies investigating pragmatics in the English language have grown rapidly in recent years This...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... discourse in language and linguistics is conceptualising it as language above the level of the sentence While graphemes, phonemes, morphemes and lexemes are the building blocks of language, discourse ... this is contingency or adaptation Since different dialectal speakers of a language can speak to each other, and since a language changes over time, it is clear from these two sorts of evidence ... out here TEXT AND DISCOURSE In language and linguistics study it is established practice for the term text to be defined as a continuous stretch of written or spoken language While you may be more...

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... the physical practice of moving mouth, lips and tongue are both developing before birth SWIN|KCrEIB1Qqc8svpQueSEh0w==| 128 20357 42 Birth to six months Practice in the womb means babies can suck ... any understanding EARLY LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 25 Six to eighteen months Babbling gradually develops into holophrastic speech consisting of one-word utterances By around 12 months old, a baby seems ... capacity for language (either one or several languages), the child’s brain begins to switch off its acquisition capability From this critical age point, PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 27 any further languages...

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... another in modern English: 2 ’ became ‘the’; 2 s’ became ‘this’; 2 m’ became ‘them’; 2 t’ became ‘that’; and 2 ra’ became ‘their’ In ‘se ealda cyning clippe2 2 godan cwene’, the adjectives ... sounded a bit odd to an Old English speaker, ‘se ealda cyning 2 godan cwene clippe2’, or even 2 godan cwene se ealda cyning clippe2’ both mean ‘the old king kisses the good queen’ This manoeuvrability ... and so on SWIN|KCrEIB1Qqc8svpQueSEh0w==| 128 2035759 Psycholinguistic methods Modern psycholinguistic methods tend to be experimental or quantitative (see A 12) For instance examples of words or sentences...

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... approaches to language variation and language change These sub-disciplines include, amongst others: language and ethnicity, language and gender, language and age, multilingualism, language planning ... interactants Another area of keen interest for sociolinguists alongside language variation is the study of language change, in particular, how language changes over time (see B8) You have already come across ... between language and society Researchers who work in this field of language study are commonly known as sociolinguists One of the crucial areas which sociolinguists focus upon is how we vary our language...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... Bolton (20 06) reports that the first was Webster’s Dictionary, published at the beginning of the nineteenth century (180 6) in the United States, followed by a revised and expanded version in 1 82 6 Further ... (see Kirkpatrick 20 07) For a variety of any language to become standardised it needs to undergo some process of codification: to be officially recorded A common manner in which language varieties ... Once a variety of a language has been codified, norms of usage become established from these sources of authority A standard language variety can then be formally taught, in part, by drawing upon...

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... that the aspects of language usage and social identities are distinctive and fixed This may draw attention away from the fact that informants’ language usage will both change and develop depending ... ‘nature of the social world must be discovered’ (Hammersley 19 92: 12, emphasis in original) This can be achieved by the method of participant observation in order to produce detailed descriptions, ... CONCEPTS referred to as ‘thick’ descriptions Participant observation is generally defined as part of ethnography, where researchers physically join in and participate in the social world which they...

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... approach, and developing out of anthropological structuralism, a functionalist tradition emerged in language study, largely at odds with generativism Functionalism regarded language as part of social ... different views will be the field of discussion in unit B13 SWIN|KCrEIB1Qqc8svpQueSEh0w==| 128 2035 821 SECTION B DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH ... diachronic developments but in more synchronic patterns, looking at a snapshot of the language of the present as a system of structures and symbols This was structuralism, which dominated language...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... mirror so that you can physically see the difference with the positioning of your lips SWIN|KCrEIB1Qqc8svpQueSEh0w==| 128 2035836 Accent Knowledge of phonetics and phonology is crucial for research ... Mees 20 09) Non-regional pronunciation can involve the use of glottal stops on occasions for the articulation of certain words (see D1, B9 and C9 for further discussion of language loyalty and particular ... summary of English language monophthongs and diphthongs As with the consonant list, the IPA symbols appear directly alongside specifically selected words to illustrate the particular sound quality...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... ‘peer’ (your social equal or a member of the aristocracy), ‘clip’ (attach together or cut apart), ‘cover’ (conceal or oversee), and many others A word is a hyponym of another if it is part of ... denoted by hyponyms is conceptual, whereas if there is an actual part whole relationship between the referents of related 66 DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH words, then the relationship between ... attacks’, ‘Can I give you a hand?’ The extent to which the meronym (the most particular word) is a necessary and essential defining part of the holonym (the superordinate word) is debatable: is a hand...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... SWIN|KCrEIB1Qqc8svpQueSEh0w==| 128 2035854 q Negative politeness strategies will often co-occur, as in the following example: ‘I’m terribly sorry to bother you but I don’t suppose I could borrow your computer for ... bald, on-record FAA: ‘you’re a 72 q q DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH parking attendant act like one okay shut up and act like a parking attendant’ (Culpeper et al 20 03: 1556) Positive impoliteness ... failing to act (Culpeper 20 05b: 41 2) One of the main sources that Culpeper examines to demonstrate how his model of impoliteness works is media data, and television programmes in particular He has...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... come to my party on Saturday? S2: Oh (-) I’m really sorry I’d love to be there with you but erm my parents are coming over Example S1: Do you want to come to my party on Saturday? S2: No I don’t ... one participant, the behaver, though an indirect participant in the form of the behaviour itself could also feature (‘She smiled a crooked smile’) Mental processes proper more usually have two participant ... Altogether, the functional model of language provides a powerful and comprehensive tool for the analysis of language use in the world CONVERSATION 79 CONVERSATION Our development of discourse will...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... settings is a much less rigid process, speakers need to signal why they are introducing a particular topic at a particular moment in time Even in the most informal of contexts where speakers know each ... waiting 10 [to have her baby’] 11 Jill: [she was ] due (.) she she had the baby two two 12 weeks old this week 84 DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH Jill negotiates the newsworthiness of her new topic ... of which represent the more abstract system of language The distinctiveness between speech and writing can be seen right across the structure of language in each case A simple comparison of a...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 04:20

... are also subject to just as much change over time as the language as a whole (see B9) LANGUAGE ATTITUDES Prestige, stigmatisation and language loyalty As members of different speech communities, ... nothing inherent within the English language system (or any other language system for that matter) that makes one variety better or superior to another variety B9 96 DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH ... membership? 98 DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH Attitudes in court Negative attitudes towards language varieties based upon stereotyping and prejudice can potentially have very serious consequences, particularly...

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... leading publisher’ of reference works, providing ‘The 1 02 DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH definitive record of the English language (OED 20 09) Oxford University Press, the publishing house that ... love is innocent! George Gordon Byron (181 5) 104 DEVELOPMENT: ASPECTS OF ENGLISH Context and commentary This poem, written by Byron in June 181 4 after a party at which he observed his cousin, ... University Press is keen to highlight that the development of World Englishes is not a new phenomenon It draws attention to the fact that its 188 4–1 928 multivolume version of the OED was not just...

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