11fundamental principles of scanning electron microscopy

... (Proffen and Billinge 1999) 4 Introduction d Analysis of the particle sizes of the differently treated samples by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (XRD) The study of the average and electronic ... examine microfabric and crystallographic orientation in many materials 1.11 Fundamental Principles of Scanning Electron Microscopy Accelerated electrons in SEM carry significant amounts of kinetic ... bonding The existence of free electrons in metals has a number of profound consequences for the properties of metallic materials There are a large number of possible combinations of different metals...

Ngày tải lên: 30/05/2014, 00:31

... Cross-section of an array of cobalt nanopillars on aluminium substrate after the removal of alumina template; b Cross-section of an array of nickel nanopillars on aluminium substrate after the removal of ... nanopillars are fixed on aluminium substrate; e Top view of an array of cobalt nanopillars; f Top view of an array of nickel nanopillars Ni patterns of nanopillar arrays presented high-purity crystal ... morphology and structure of the Ni and Co nanopillars were characterized by an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM FEI Quanta 600) Elemental qualitative analysis of prepared Ni and Co...

Ngày tải lên: 21/06/2014, 20:20

... as a result of the increase of the redox potential and decrease of the sulphides (Saeki, 1993) The change in redox potential more strongly affected the speciation of Zn than that of Cu and Pb ... finding of Wong (1995) and Hofstede (1994) Although the leachable Cu increased with the composting process, the magnitude of leachable Cu in sludge compost without red mud amendment after 50 days of ... them that the quantities of metals extracted by CaCl2, expressed as a percentage of total metal content, were small pH of the sludge compost also affected the solubility of the metal hydroxides...

Ngày tải lên: 23/09/2012, 14:47

... Binding of more Zn(II) ⁄ Cd(II) is very likely to be non-specific Whether the binding of seven equivalents of Zn(II) ⁄ Cd(II) in MT3 is more heterogeneous than the binding of seven equivalents of Zn(II) ... exposure of Cu(I)4Zn4MT3 to air resulted in the slow formation of a disulfide linkage by cysteine oxidation of the a-domain and a concominant release of one Zn ion, but the spectroscopic features of ... binding of more than eight equivalents of Zn(II) [31] Importantly, the binding of the eighth metal ion was confirmed by other methods and studied in more detail [31] An additional equivalent of Zn(II)...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 15:20

... removed 14% of the Fe, 39% of the Al and 32% of the organic material (Table 2) Na2S2O4 removed 83 and 92% of the Fe and Mn, respectively, but also removed 83% of the Al Very little (3%) of the organic ... with a total of eight variables (four values of Gmax and four values of Ki) i The data set consisted of adsorption data for the unextracted bio®lms plus bio®lms extracted with each of the three ... four values of Gmax and the four values of Ki until convergence on both i Gmax and Ki was obtained i Pd and Cd adsorption to surface coating components 431 Table Assessment of removal of organic...

Ngày tải lên: 15/03/2014, 23:12

... led to the reduction of PMo12 and oxidative polymerization of aniline The appearance of an intense blue color due to the formation of polyoxomolybdate blue indicated the electron transfer from ... 0.2° scan rate (in 2h) The morphology of the composites was investigated by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (FEI, Model: Quanta 200) The transmission electron micrograph (TEM) analysis was ... absorption of the blue-colored solution containing PMo12 and aniline (Step I, Scheme 1); the presence of an absorption band at 700 nm can be seen and is characteristic of one -electron reduced PMo12 (electron...

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 06:20

... preserve Cu MOF-3 architecture is proven by successful synthesis of Cu MOF-4 Cu MOF-4 loses 35% of its mass up to a temperature of 250°C The finding of Cu MOF-3N shows our class of MOF constructed ... to that reported for IRMOFs The non-cubic architectures of the MOFs shown in Figure exhibit connectivity in two (Cu MOF-2) or three (Cd MOF-1, Cd MOF-2, Cu MOF-1 and Cu MOF-3) dimensions that results ... formation of the Cu MOF-3 framework depends on the presence of a substituent at the 2-position of imidazole A view of the channels in the crystal structure of Cu MOF-3 showing the location of the...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:59

... within a factor of two For Ni, almost all of the predicted EC50 total metal concentrations (43 out of 45) were within a factor of two of the observed values Additionally, 90% of the predicted ... and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Signed: Herbert E Allen, Ph.D Professor in charge of dissertation ... academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Signed: William R Berti, Ph.D Member of dissertation...

Ngày tải lên: 13/11/2014, 11:21

... OF CONTENTS Declaration II Acknowledgements III Table of Contents VI Summary XII List of Tables XV List of Figures XVI List of Schemes XXII List of Abbreviations XXIII Publications XXV List of ... transformation of 2D interdigitated MOF, V-1.2 5.1-12 to doubly interpenetrated 3D MOF, V-1.3 Figure 5.1- Comparison of PXRD data of V-1.2 & V-1.3 5.1-13 Figure 5.1- 10 A perspective view of a portion of ... Comparison of PXRD patterns of III-2 and III-2 3-12 Figure 3-10 Time versus percentage conversion plots of ground 3-13 powder of III-1, III-4, single crystals of III-1, III-4 Figure 3-11 Comparison of...

Ngày tải lên: 09/09/2015, 11:15

... isotherms of CO2 116 adsorption in IRMOF1, Mg-IRMOF1, Be-IRMOF1, IRMOF1 (NH2)4, IRMOF10, IRMOF13, IRMOF14, UMCM-1, F-MOF1 and COF102 Figure 5.9 Gravimetric (left) and volumetric (right) isotherms of ... in various MOFs (IRMOF-1, IRMOF-3, IRMOF-1-4NH2, IRMOF-6, IRMOF-8, IRMOF-12, IRMOF-14, IRMOF-18 and IRMOF-993) and found that the larger linkers bind more H2 molecules and addition of NH2 or CH3 ... structures of COF-102, COF-103, COF-105, COF-108, 100 COF-6, COF-8, COF-10 and COF_NT The structures are not drawn to scale B:pink, C: grey, O: red, Si: cyan, H: white Figure 5.3 Atomic charges in MOFs...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 08:49

... quantization of energy and momentum, and reduced dimensionality of electronic states From the perspective of 17 quantum confinement, nanostructures could be classified based on the dimensions in which electrons ... imaging of nano- 19 scale materials, STM (Scanning tunneling microscopy) and AFM (Atomic force microscopy) have also been applied in fabricating nanostructures based on manipulation of individual ... use of poly-CoTAPc and poly-CuTAPc films as biochemical sensors for the amperometric detection of glucose [123] At about the same time, kinetics of heterogeneous electron transfer across films of...

Ngày tải lên: 14/09/2015, 14:08

... recrystallization of 7000Zr alloy is incomplete and not homogeneous even after three hours of annealing because of additions of Zr Figure Hardness and electrical conductivity of 7000 and 7000Zr ... intermetallic compounds can be understood by an analysis of the AlCu binary phase diagram (Fig 11) [24] 4.3 EDX Analysis of Joints Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) ... microstructure of as-received alloys has been investigated by optical microscope (Ni kon Epiphot 200) and Scanning Electron Microscope - Focused Ion Beam (SEM FIB) ZEISS 1540 The chemical composition of...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:21

... sklen@ipm.cz Institute of Physics of Materials Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic CEITEC-IPM, Institute of Physics of, Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Repub‐ lic, ... inhomogeneity The dispersion of grain profile areas can be qualified by the coefficient of variation CVa of the grain profile areas in a plane V ¯ CVa = ¯ , where V is grain profile areas variation ... be a coefficient of profile CVa as a measure of homogeneity of materials microstructure [48] Hence, the grain and subgrain structure of the creep specimens was revealed by means of EBSD and characterized...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 21:21

... simple model of an atom is of a number of electrons in different orbits circling a central nucleus In a metal the electrons in the outer orbit are free to move throughout the bulk of the material ... hardening One aspect of this is the width of the HAZ, a function of the high thermal conductivity of aluminium and the consequent size of the area where there has been a substantial loss of strength Only ... further by anodising – the formation of an oxide film of a controlled thickness The coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminium is approximately twice that of steel which can mean unacceptable...

Ngày tải lên: 12/03/2014, 17:32

... temperature dependence of both μ and the fitted values of lj, and can be seen to be independent of the choice of contact metallization The obtained values are Figure Temperature dependence of the two-terminal ... Transactions on Electron Devices 1976, 23:538-544 Liu QZ, Lau SS: A review of the metal-GaN contact technology Solid-State Electronics 1998, 42:677-691 Crofton J, Porter LM, Williams JR: The physics of ohmic ... Random System Progress of Theoretical Physics 1980, 63:707 27 Goh KEJ: Encapsulation of Si:P devices fabricated by scanning tunnelling microscopy PhD thesis University of New South Wales; 2006...

Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 22:20

... portions of the casting This is often counteracted by strategic placement of risers Figure shows the typical appearance of volumetric shrinkage defect in an aluminium section Fig Typical appearance of ... possibility of more economical use of the melt is good for the bottom line of foundry operation and was actually the original goal of the countergravity technique This has motivated a growing list of ... of microstructure relies on heaving a complete history of the samples for analysis Commercial aluminium alloys contains a number of second-phase particles, some of which are present because of...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 08:20

... type of pit morphology is due to the selective dissolution of the constituent particle Pits of this type are often deep and may have remnants of the particle in them Figure shows a model of dealloying ... Strength Al-Alloys: Microstructure, Corrosion and Principles of Protection Fig 13 a) Scanning electron micrograph of the alloy surface after h of immersion in 0.5 M NaCl solution at ambient temperature, ... Degradation of Aluminium Alloys the process of rounding the instantaneous value of the signal to the levels, which are the components of a binary form of the record The decrease of quantization...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 08:20

... magnification of 25 times and accuracy of 0.01 mm At the same time, a number of loading cycles N was written down Under bending with torsion, dimension “a” of the crack growth was defined as increments of ... elements with the use of CASCA graphic processor, which was integrated with FRANC2D software Each of these areas was covered with a net of finite elements Fig 7a shows the division of the area around ... the software (a) FRANC2D, (b) FRANC3D Next, one end of the specimen is restrained (thus taking away the degrees of freedom from the nodes of specimen model) and it is fixed in direction of axes...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 14:20

... - φ curve of linear strengthening σ - φ curve of nonlinear strengthening 0 Type of σ-ε curve with linear strengthening Fig 13 Dependence of index of outer corner shapes on the type of strengthening ... strength of 511 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 593 MPa, tensile elongation of 17,1 % and reduction in area of 20 % It is clear that the result of such grains refinement is first of all related ... on angle of shearing strain γ With increased of shearing strain angle is increasing also intensity of plastic deformation The net deformation of sample is pointing out localization of biggest...

Ngày tải lên: 29/06/2014, 14:20

... International, Inc Inco family of companies Inco family of companies Martin Marietta Corp Inco family of companies Inco family of companies Inco family of companies Inco family of companies Carpenter ... particularly suitable for electronic applications Much of the strength of alloy 404 is retained at outgassing temperatures Thermal expansion of alloy 404 is sufficiently close to that of many other alloys ... shows the relationship of these alloys and the major effect of alloying elements Alloy 600 with 15% chromium, one of the earliest of the nickel-chromium alloys, can be thought of as the base for...

Ngày tải lên: 26/12/2013, 01:18