MỤC LỤC
Do phap luM la hien ttfdng xa hoi co lich srt phat trien lau dai va phtfc tap nen viec nghien eflu hien ttfdng phap luat ludn la van de kho, nhat la dao tao luat theo kieu han lam, tii b|c pho thong len dai hoc do ngiidi hoc chtta co nhieu kien thutc xa hoi, kinh nghiem song de cam nhan hien ttfdng phap lu^t nen viec trang bi cho ngttdi hoc cac kien thtic cd ban, nen tang cho viec tiep tuc nghien ciiu sau hdn trong cac. Nhap mon lu&t hoc dita ra cai nhin tong quan nhat ve hien ttfdng phap luM giup ngUdi hoc dinh hinh hien tUdng phap lu&t trong ddi song xa hoi (trong moi tUdng quan vdi cac quy pham xa hoi khac), xac dinh htfdng tiep c&n, nghien cdu, lu^n giai, l&p lu^n, v^n dung khi nghien cdu d cac linh vUc phap lu^t chuyen nganh.
Ttt cai nhin tong quan do, nhap mon lu^Lt hoc thiet lap cac nen tang ccf ban thong qua viec cung cap cho ngtfdi hoc cac hoc thuyet phap luat cd ban, cac khai niem nen tang ma nhd do, ngUdi hoc co the de dang tiep nhan cac khai niem mang tfnh chuyen sau, ban chat hdn trong cac linh vUc phap luat chuyen nganh. Chfnh vi the, nh&p mon luat hoc cung cap cho ngutdi hoc cac thao tac, ky nang can thiet de thitc hien viec nghien cutu phap luat tut sd dang (thong qua viec nhan dien van de phap ly, hia chon quy pham, de xuat each xut ly, each lap lu&n, dan d^t, phan tfch giai quyet van de phap ly..) cho den thutc hien cac boat dong nghien cutu khoa hoc mang tfnh han lam nhut thutc hien de tai nghien cutu khoa hoc sinh vien, hoan thanh khoa luan de dutdc nhan bang tot nghiep, tiep tuc hoc len bac sau dai hoc, viet cac cong trinh nghien cutu khoa hoc phap ly.
Trong giai doan hien nay, khoa hoc phap ly Viet Nam dang trong giai doan chuyen doi manh me, ngoai viec “lay chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tut tutdng Ho Chi Minh lam nen tang tut tutdng” (Dieu 4 Hien phap nam 2013) con phai dap utng yeu cau Nha nutdc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam la nha nutdc phap quyen xa hoi chu nghia cua Nhan dan, do Nhan dan, vi Nhan dan; do Nhan dan lam chu; tat ca quyen lute nha nutdc thuoc ve Nhan dan ma nen tang la lien minh giuia giai cap cong nhan vdi giai cap nong dan va doi ngu tri thutc (Dieu 2 Hien phap nam 2013) thi viec tiep nhan cac tien bo trong lich sut tut tutdng nhan loai ve nha nutdc va phap luat la ra't can thiet. Latinh “juris prudentia” c6 nghia la viec nghien cutu, kien thutc, hoac khoa hoc luat (khoa hoc phap ly). 6 My, thuat ngut nay dttdc hieu theo nghia rong hdn la triet ly hay triet hoc cua phap luat1. 6 Viet Nam, cac nghien cdu lam ro noi ham cua khoa hoc luat khong co nhieu12 va thuat ngfl dude st! dung pho bien la khoa hoc phap ly hay luat hoc. Luat hoc dUdc coi la mot trong nhutag khoa hoc co xUa nha't, co lich srt lau ddi, dude the hien trong cac tU tiidng, hoc thuyet chfnh tri - phap ly cua. Xem cu the:. - Jurisprudence: an overview, https://www.law.cornell.edu/. nhan loai bao gom he thong toan dien, day du cac tri thutc ve nha nutdc va phap luat dutOc the hien tut viec tong hop nhfing khai niem, pham tru, quan diem, nguyen tac; nhutng quy luat ve sit xuat hien, ton tai va phat trien cua nha nutdc va phap luAt, co tfnh lien nganh va da nganh cao1. Doi tutOng nghien cutu cua nhAp mon luat hoc bao gom: i) Cac hoc thuyet, quan diem pho bien ve nha nitdc va phap luat; ii) Thutc tien to chile va hoat dong cua bo may nha nutdc, la ddi song phap luat hen quan den hoat dong xay dutng, thitc thi phap luat.
Nhap mon luat hoc tiep can va lam ro hien tiiOng nha nitdc va phap luat tut khdi thuy (nguon goc) cho den hien thitc cua nha mtdc va phap luat nham lam ro tfnh tat yeu, xu hiidng phat trien phu hop vdi doi hoi cua thutc tien xa hoi, diXOc nhin nhan trong dong chay tri thutc cua nhan loai, khong de cap nhieu den yeu to' giai cap cua khoa hoc nha midc va phap luat. Nhut vay, ve phutdng dien lich sut, chu de nguon goc nha nutdc va phap luat la cd sd quan trong cho viec hinh thanh cac hoc thuyet ve nha nutdc va phap luat, tut do nhuitng hoc thuyet nay trd thanh “kim chi nam” cho viec xay diing va hien thutc hoa tut tutdng ve nha nutdc va phap luat vao thuc tien cua cac quoc gia.
Vdi tmh chat nhap mon nen cac v£n de khoa hoc ve nh& nude va phap luat dat trong tarn vao viec gidi thieu, he thong h6a cac khai niem, pham tru, quan diem, quan niem lam nen tang cho viec nghien ettu cac linh vUc phap lu&t chuyen nganh. Ve phtfdng phap, noi dung cua nhap mon luat hoc dUdc tiep can th cac kien thde cd ban cho den nang cao, gin lien vdi khoa hoc ve nha ntfdc va phap luat dtfdc phan tlch, danh gia, de cap gan lien vdi dac thu cua quan he xa hoi (d rnrtc do khai quat nhat).
Mot khi phap luat dttdc ban hanh, cac trat til xa hoi dildc thiet lap, thi cac chu the co lien quan tuan theo cac quy dinh nay lau dan trd thanh thoi quen xd stf. Thiic tien lap phap cho thay, neii cac quy dinh phap luat khong phu hop vdi xa hoi thi muc tieu ky vong thiet lAp trat til khong dat dtfdc nen chi phi lap phap la vo nghia, tdc la khong dat dude muc tieu kinh te (chi phi lap phap) vdi muc dfch dieu chinh hay thiet lap trat til xa hoi1.
Do vay, khi ban hanh quy dinh phap luat de dieu chinh hay thiet lap trat til xa hoi, nha nutdc can can nhic than trong de co sil hia chon toi Uu. Mat khac, phutdng phap nghien cdu lich set giup ngutdi hoc giai thfch dUdc vi sao trong cac giai doan lich set cua moi quoc gia co sU khac biet ve nhan thutc, each thutc quy dinh (ky thuat lap phap), sU phong phu ve noi dung cua phap luat.
Cac yeu to* truyen thong lich sik, dieu kien kinh te - xa hoi, thoi quen sinh boat, phong tuc tap quan. So sanh luAt hoc cung giup nha nttdc than trong hOn trong viec ap dung cac bien phap trutng phat hoac lam dung quyen midn trut quoc gia khi xut ly cac van de lien quan den nha dau tut ntfdc ngoai de tranh cac tranh chip khong cin thiet vdi nha dau tut nutdc ngoai.
- Ldi noi va yeu cau sd dung ngon tri, cau true ngd phap, cac loai cau phu hdp vdi moi trUdng, cong viec va ddi tUdng tiep nhan thong tin: ThUc chat cua ky nang lA.p luan d cap do ldi noi lien quan nhieu den boat dong giao tiep, gan vdi dac thu cua moi trudng didn ra trong hoat dong giao tiep nhu moi trUdng hoc dUdng, moi trUdng lam viec va dac thu cua ddi tUdng tiep nhan thong tin nhu giang vien, ban cung Idp, ngUdi dan. Thong qua ky nang viet, ngutdi hoc biet each sap xep cac luan diem (de bao ve than chu hay luan diem khoa hoc) theo mot trat tut logic nhat dinh. Tut trat tut logic trong van ban, ngutdi hoc se cd dutdc trat tut logic trong viec trinh bay van de phap ly cho nhieu doi tutdng tiep nhan da dang nhut giang vien, ban hoc, khach hang, ngutdi quan ly.. b) Tim kiem cac nguon cua phap luat, trong do van ban phap luat la quan trong nhat. Nhut da de cap d tren, doi tutdng nghien cutu chu yeu va quan trong nhat cua chutdng trinh dao tao cut nhan luat la cac van ban quy pham phap luat. Ngutdi hoc phai biet each tim kiem cac van ban nay cho tutng hoc phan. Ben canh nguon van ban quy pham phap luat, ngutdi hoc cung can doc cac an le dutdc cong bo de hoc each lap luan va nit ra cac luan diem cua an le; tim kiem cac tap quan de lam phong phu them tri thutc ve cac nguon luat cung nhut kha nang phan tfch, danh gia, l&p luan. c) Tim doc cac cong trinh chuyen khao va chuyen gia trong cac linh vrtc phap luat.
Cot loi cua hoc thuyet phap luat thutc chutng dutdc the hien d cho, bat cut luat nao cung co the dutdc truy ra tut mot nguon co the xac minh mot each khach quan, giohg nhut thuyet thutc chutng ve khoa hoc, nghia la phai co sut phan biet ro rang ve cai “nen” (dieu dutdc mong Ude ve mat dao dutc) va cai “hien co” (dieu that sut ton tai). Viec yeu cau bat buoc phai tuan thu phap luat (trong trutdng hdp phap luat khong phu hdp hoac 1. Xem Raymond Wacks: Philosophy ofLaw: A very short Introduction, Ibid, tr.18-19. xam pham den cac quyen, tUc la luat phap bat cong hoac trai dao ly) la khong c£n thiet va viec khong tuan thu cac dao luat bat cong nay la chfnh dang neu no co the day manh sii thay doi tien tcfi cai tot.
Trong hoi canh xa hoi ttf san co hai giai cap cti ban la ttf san va vo san thi nha ntfdc la cong cu bao ve giai cap ttf san nen phap luat phuc vu cho viec ap btfc cua nha ntfdc ma thuc chat la cua giai cap ttf san doi vdi giai cap vo san. Trong nha ntfdc xa hoi chu nghia, phap luat cung co chtfc nang che day tfnh tran ap cua nha ntfdc, nhUng diem khac biet vdi nha ntfdc ttf san la dtftic chap nhan ve mat dao diic vi no la chuyen chinh cua da so' doi vdi mot nhom nhd nhting ca nhan cd dac quyen2.
Trong do NgUdi nhsfn manh, cai kho trong viec thi hanh phap luat la phai bao dam dUdc tfnh vo tU, khach quan, cong bang, binh dang cua moi cong dan trUdc phap luat tren tinh th£n vua toi, tren diidi, sang hen deu phai theo phap luat nhu the thinh tri3. Xem Ddc Vitclng: “Tu tudng Ho Chf Minh ve nha nude phap lu&t the hien trong bo Ho Chi Minh toan tap”, in trong Nghien evtu tiX tiltingHo Chi Minh ve nha nitdc va phap luat, Bo Ttf phap, Vien Khoa hoc Phap ly, Noi, 1993, tr.154, 162.
Theo tac gia Pham Duy Nghia, luat phap thutdng la cac quy tac xut sit ditoc khai quat hoa tut tap tuc, thoi quen cua cong dong ngitdi, ditoc hinh thanh, tuan thu qua nhieu the he, khi ditoc quyen hie nha nUdc thuta nhan va cufSng che thi hanh thi nhGng tap tuc do tr3 thanh luat tuc va do do, sut phat trien cua luat phap khong the tach khoi phong each song va truyen thong cua dan toe va cang khong nen ddn gian hoa no chi la bieu hien cho y chi cua mot giai cap thong tri nh^t dinh1. Ba la, t£t quan niem phap luat la mot dai lutdng chung, tit nhieu the ky nay, toa an 6 cac nude phtfdng Tay da quen vdi chile nang phan xct doc lap trong nhting thu tuc mang tmh tranh tung; tham phan khong drtdc xem la cong chdc thong thildng trong bo may hanh phap ma la mot nghe co nhfing dao dilc va to' chat rieng biet, nhan danh cong ly va le phai ma phan xet, ke ca trong cac tranh chap gitfa ngtfdi dan vdi chfnh quyen.
Claude Frederic Bastiat, nha kinh te hoc ngUdi Phap cho rang, phap luat la to chile de bao ve hdp phap cac quyen tU nhien, la viec dung hie lUdng chung thay the cho lUc lUdng ca nhan va lUc lUdng chung nay chi lam nhfing viec ma lUc lUdng cua ca nhan co quyen tU nhien va hdp phap de lam: bao ve con ngUdi, bao ve quyen til do va tai san; de giut gin quyen cua moi ngUdi va lam cho cong ly ngU tri tren tat ca chung ta12. Cach tiep can phap luat trong cac cd sci giao due dai hoc hang dau nhii TrUdng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi, Khoa Luat Tntdng Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi da chuyen hutdng nhan manh hdn khia canh xa hoi cua phap luat khi phan tfch lam ro ban chat cua phap luat.
Tuy theo ttag goc nhin ma ngiitii ta co the co nhiing nhan dinh khac nhau ve ban chat phap luat, song trong mot xa hoi da nguyen ve Itii fch, quyen hie dUtic chia se giiia nhieu nhom ngUdi khac nhau, luat phap thudng la nhiing thoa hiep giiia nhiing the lUc do3. Va khi do, viec thtfc thi phap luat cua cac chu the trd nen d§ dang hdn, cac chuan mUc khong phu hdp se dan dan diidc loai bo va thay the vao do la cac chuan mdc tot hdn, phu hdp vdi cong ly, trong do bao gdm ca nhflng chuan mdc phap ly mdi xuat hien trong ddi song hien dai.
Ban chat va vai tro cua phap luat trong ctieu. dam phu hdp vdi qua trinh van dong, phat trien cua xa hoi cung nhut sut tutdng thich hay phh hdp vdi cac chuan mile, cam ket quoc te. Theo tac gia Nguyen Dang Dung, phap luat trong nha nutdc phap quyen phai la nen tang mong Ude thutc te, thiet thutc hdn, phuc vu con ngutdi co suy nghi, co ly tri, phai la dai dien cho cai dung, cai dao dutc, cai chung ma moi con ngutdi deu hutdng den1. Montesquieu cho rang, lu£t “theo nghia rpng nhat la nhutng quan he tat yeu tut trong ban chat cua sut vat. Vdi nghia nay, thi moi vat deu co luat cua no. Tut the gidi than linh, the gidi vat chat, nhutng tri tue sieu viet, cho den cac loai vat, va loai ngutdi deu cd luat cua minh”12. Song trong mot xa hoi, muon duy tri dutdc trat tut phai quy dinh ro quan he giuta ngutdi cai tri vdi ngutdi bi cai tri, do la luat chfnh tri; lai phai quy dinh quan he giuta cac cong dan, do la luat dan sut. Cong phap quoc te, tdt nhien phai duta tren nguyen tac: Moi mot dan toe trong hoa binh phai lam dieu tot nhat, trong chien tranh phai cd het sutc lam it dieu xau nhat cho Idi• •fch thutc te cua loai ngutdi3. Theo Rousseau, luat phap chi la nhutng quy utdc cua sut ket hdp dan sut. Dan chung chiu quyen cua luat. Xem Nguyen Dang Dung: “Nha nitdc phap quyen la tinh than phap luat hay la dung quy trinh?”, Tap chf khoa hoc, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, Luat hoc, t. Montesquieu: Tinh thdn phap hiAt, Hoang Thanh Dam dich, Nxb. phap nen cung phai la ngutdi lam ra luAt; quyen nay chi thuoc nhutng ngutdi ket hdp lai thanh l&p xa hoi1. 6 nutdc ta, dinh nghia phap luAt trong giao trinh cua cac cd sd dao tao lu£t cung nhut sach, bao phap ly ve cd ban deu thong nhat ve noi dung, chi khac biet doi chut ve each dien dat hay cau chut. Theo d6, phap lu£t la mot loai quy tic xut sut cua con ngutdi, mot loai chuin mute xa hoi, phap luat co nhutng diem khac biet cd ban so vdi cac loai• • chuan mute • • xa hoi khac nhut dao• •dutc, phong tuc tap quan.. Phap luat la he thong quy tic xut sut chung do nha nude dat ra hoac thuta nhan va bao dam thutc hien de dieu chmh cac quan he xa hoi theo muc dich, dinh hutdng cua nha nutdc, bao gom cac dac trutng: i) co tfnh quyen lute nha nutdc; ii) co tinh quy pham pho bien; iii) co tinh he thong; iv) co tinh xac dinh ve hinh thutc12. Theo tac gia Pham Duy Nghia, do phap luat gin hen vdi quyen hie nha nutdc, cho nen phap luat co mot so chute nang rieng, bao gom: i) Cac quy pham phap luat la nhutng menh lenh ro rang, co gia dinh, quy dinh, che tai, dutdc cau true chat che ve hinh thutc va noi dung; ii) Co quy trinh xay dutng, tham dinh va thong qua mot each khit khe bdi cd quan nha nutdc nham dam bao tinh hdp. Xem Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Khe” \ldc xa hoi, Dutdng VSn Hoa dich, Nxb. ly va cong bang; iii) Dutdc nha nutdc bao dam thutc thi, khi can thiet nha nutdc co the ap dung quyen lute cong de cutdng che thi hanh, thong qua thu tuc to' tung toa an dam bao cong ly cho cac ben dutdc thutc hien bdi toa an, he thong thi hanh an, canh sat, nha tu1. Ngon ngfi phap luat thutdng mot nghia, ro rang, chfnh xac, khong trutu tutdng, chung chung nen giup cho doi tUdng chiu tac dong cua phap luat co the de dang nam bat mot each day du, chinh xac va ro rang nhat nhutng hanh vi dtfdc phep, nhutng hanh vi bit buoc, nhutng hanh vi bi cam doan; cac trinh tut, thu tuc dutdc ghi nhan trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat.
Dieu nay dat ra trong hoc tap, nghien cutu phap luat c£n phai dat phap lu&t trong moi tiidng quan vdi cac tieu chuan le phai, sit cong bang, Idng tit bi (khi noi den tda. Khi tiep cAn va dat phap luat trong moi tUdng quan vdi le phai, sU cong bang ngoai viec nang cao chat lUdng xay dtfng phap luat con phai bao dam hieu qua hoat dong cua he thong cd quan thuc thi phap luat. Viec ap dung cac bien phap che tai cung doi hoi cong bang, khach quan v6i moi chu the, khong co bat ky mot. biet le nao. Cac chuan mile phap luat la phUdng tien de cho nhiing dieu tot dep dan trd thanh hien thuc. Tren nen tang cong ly, tmh y chi cua phap luat la sot hda quyen giuta y chi cua nha nUdc vdi y chi cua ngUdi dan, phap luat la cong cu kien tao cong ly cho moi ngUdi, la cong cu bao ve quyen, Idi fch hdp phap cua moi chu the trong ddi song xa hoi. Muc tieu ngan chan hoac trah ap nhutng hanh vi Ung xU lam ton hai den trat ttf xa hoi theo do cung dUdc phat huy va khang dinh. phAp luAt trong he thong. CAC CONG CU DIEU CHINH QUAN HE XA HOI 1. Da dang he thong cong cu dieu chinh quan he xa hoi• •. Khi xuat hien xa hoi durai d^ng tap hdp mot nhom ngUdi trong mot khong gian dia ly nhat dinh dUdc nhin 1. N.M Voskresenskaia, N.B. Davletchina: Che do dan chu nhb nude vd xa hoi, Ph^m Nguyen TrUdng dich, Nxb. nhan la nguyen nhan dan tdi nhu cau dieu chinh xa hoi. Quan he xa hoi tut no phong phu, da dang nhut chinh nhu cau cua con ngutdi. Sut phat trien trong tut duy con ngutdi da dinh hinh cac quan he xa hoi ngay cang da dang, phong phu. Khi tham gia vao cac quan he xa hoi cu the, cac thanh vien phai thutc hien nhutng quy tdc xut set do nhom xa hoi dong thuan xay dutng len ma neu cac chu the nay khong tut nguyen thutc hien thi khong thiet lA.p dutdc trat tut theo nhu cau cua cac ben. Viec tham gia vao cac quan he xa hoi khong chi bao dam cho moi ca nhan cd the ton tai an toan ma con gop phan md rong cac quan he xa hoi. Muc dfch cua dieu chinh xa hoi la nham duy tri sut on dinh, trat tut xa hoi ma cac chu the tham gia quan he do dang la thanh vien. Dieu chinh xa hoi la viec cac chu the tham gia quan he xa hoi dung cac quy pham xa hoi lam cd sd cho viec van hanh cac quan he do nh&m dat dutdc nhutng muc dfch nhat dinh. Hoc thuyet Mac - Lenin tiep can cac van de ve nha nutdc va phap luat duta tren hoc thuyet hinh thai kinh te -. xa hoi, tut do hinh thanh kieu nha nutdc va kieu phap luat. Kieu nha nutdc la tong the nhutng dac diem, dac thu cua mot nhom nutdc, qua do phan biet vdi nhom nha nutdc khac1. Kieu phap luAt la tong the nhutng dac diem, dac thu cua mot nhom phap luat, qua do phan biet vdi. nhom phap luat khac. Du trong kieu phap luat nao di chang nGa, phap luat v&n diidc nhin nhan la mot trong nhutng cong cu pho bien diidc nha midc set dung de dieu chinh quan he xa hoi, thiet lA.p trat til xa hoi. Nghien cdu phap luat trong he thong cac cong cu dieu chinh quan he xa hoi thiic chat la lam ro vi tri, vai trd, moi quan he cua phap luat vdi he thong qiiy pham xa hoi khac trong dieu chinh quan he xa hoi. a) Dao ddc va moi quan he gifia dao ddc va phap luat Diidi goc dp ngon ngut, dao ddc la “nhutag tieu chuan, nguyen tac diiOc dut luan xa hoi theta nhan, quy dinh hanh vi, quan he cua con ngitdi doi vdi nhau va doi vdi xa hoi”1. Theo nghia rong, dao dutc mang mot dung lutting rat rong, no duttic nhan thutc ca tut goc do y thutc (y thutc dao dutc xa hoi va y thutc dao dutc ca nhan), ca tut goc do the che (nguyen tac, quy tac, chuan mile dao dutc) va ca tut goc do thutc tien (hanh vi dao dutc)1. Ve noi dung cua dao dutc: quy dinh hanh vi quan he cua con ngutdi trong cac moi quan he xa hoi the hien khong chi d nhutng viec nen lam, khong nen lam ma con the hien trach nhiem cua cac ben vdi nhau va vdi cong dong xa hoi. Do do, hanh vi dao dutc phan anh nhan thutc chu quan cua ngutdi thutc hien hanh vi, vi the, viec danh gia hanh vi utng xut cua cac chu the trong moi quan he xac dinh co phu hdp vdi nhutng chuan mute dao dutc hay khong can phai xem xet ky lutdng dong cd, muc dich cua nhutng hanh vi do. Trong thi hanh, dao dutc chiu sut chi phoi rat Idn cua dut lugLn xa hoi. Sut danh gia, phan xet cua dut luan xa hoi, doi khi, co tac dong manh me hdn sut tac dong, cutting che cua nha nutde. Do vay, khi thutc hien nhutng hanh vi xut sut trong dtii song xa hoi, moi ca nhan thutting rat thAn trong va tranh hanh vi cua minh vi pham dao dutc va bi dut lu^n xa hoi len an, bdi le, khi do, gia tri, pham gia cua moi con ngutdi. Xem Triidng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi: Giao trinh lu&n chungve nhb nitdc va phap luAt, Sdd, tr.232. trong xa hoi se bi ha thap, thAm chi bi loai trit ra kh6i cong dong xa hoi. Day la quan diem chung khi nhin nhAn dao dctc la nhilng pham chat tot dep de con ngxtdi tu dttdng ren luyen theo dinh hiidng gia tri xa hoi qua cac giai doan phat trien khac nhau. Viec danh gia hanh vi con ngUOi theo khuon phep chu£Ln mile va quy tac dao ddc bieu hien thanh nhutng khai niem ve thien va ac, vinh va nhuc, chinh nghia va phi nghia. Nghien cctu moi quan he gifia dao ddc va phap luAt, tac gia Nguyen Van Nam chi ra 5 diem tiidng dong1 va tarn diem khac biet gifla phap luat va dao ddc12. Nam diem tUdng dong gifia phap luat vA dao ddc bao gom: phap luat va dao ddc deu la san pham cua ddi song xa hoi, phan anh ddi song, chiu stf quy dinh cua ddi song va tac dong manh me den ddi song; phap luat va dao ddc deu la nhfing phtfdng tien dieu chinh quan trong bac nhA't ddi vdi cac quan he xa hoi; phap luat vA dao ddc deu mang quy pham pho bien;. phap lu&t va dao ddc deu co srt thong nhat ve quan niem, chuan mile dang chi phoi ddi song kinh te - xa hoi; phap luat va dao ddc vCfa mang tfnh giai cAp, vtfa mang tfnh xa hoi; phap luat va dao ddc deu the hien dam net tfnh dan toe. Nguon: Nguyen Van Nam: Quan he gida dao ddc va phap lu&t trong dieu kien xay dvtng Nha nude phap quyen Viet Nam hien nay, LuAn an Tien si luat hoc, Trtfdng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi, 2013, tr.43-48. Tam diem khac biet gifia phap luAt vA dao dfic bao gom: con dtfdng hinh thAnh; hinh thde the hien; tinh xac dinh ve hinh thfic;. tfnh bAt buoc chung; pham vi dieu chinh; each thiic, cd che dieu chinh; yeu to tarn ly cua hAnh vi; bien phap bao dam thde hien. Nguon: Nguyen Van NAm: Quan he gida d$o ddc vA phap lu&t trong dieu kien xay dting nha. De cap den moi quan he tac dong giufa dao diic va phap luat trong nha nude phap quyen, tac gia Hoang Thi Kim Que nhan manh: Ban chat dfch thttc moi quan he gitia dao ddc va phap luat la d nguyen tic:. Dao dvic la ccf sd cua phap luat. Dao ddc d day la dao dvic truyen thong nhan van va dao ddc tien bo dvidc thvia nhan chung cua toan bo nhan loai lay con ngvidi lam trung tarn va vi Idi ich, set til do, phat trien cua con ngvidi. Dao ddc la goc, phap luat la chuan, xet ve coi ngudn thi thien, dvic co trvtdc va la goc cua luat le\. Vai trd nen tang cua dao ddc trong dieu chinh quan he xa hoi the hien d he gia tri quy dinh nhan thde, tinh cam, hanh vi cua moi ca nhan, moi cong dong trong xa hoi. Dao ddc xa hoi phat huy vai trd cua minh trong viec thde tinh lifting tarn, chi phoi, thay ddi nhan thftc va hanh dong cua con ngtfdi theo tieu chi chan, thien, my. Srt dau tranh lifting tarn la cd sci de moi con ngiftii dUa ra nhfing quyet dinh dung dan trong dng xut xa hoi. N6i each khac, stf thutc tinh Itfdng tam cua moi con ngtfdi la cd che de dao dtfc xa hoi dtfdc chuyen hoa va the hien vai trd trong ddi song xa hoi. b) Moi quan he givia phap luat va phong tuc tap quan1 Dutdi goc do ngon ngut, tap quan dUOc hieu la “thoi quen dUOc hinh thanh nep trong ddi song xa hoi, trong san xuat va sinh hoat thutdng ngay, dUOc moi ngudi c6ng nhan va lam theo”12, la “nhutng quy tac xct sii dUOc hinh thanh mot each tu phat lau ngay thanh thoi quen trong ddi song xa hoi hoac giao hXu quoc te, dang ton tai va dUOc cac chu the theta nhan nhet la quy tac xet sii chung”3.
Quyen liic nha niidc Chide xem la kha nang cua. nha ntidc de buoc cac ca nhan, to chute trong xa hoi phai phuc tung nha niidc, diidc hinh thanh do nhutng utu the ma chi rieng nha niidc mdi co nhii: nha nutdc la to chute bao trum toan bo• • xa hoi,• •dai dien• chfnh thutc cho toan the xa hoi, co cd sd xa hoi rong Idn, no ton tai va boat dong duta vao ca xa hoi, co cac cd quan chuyen mon de cutdng che nhii quan doi, canh sat, nha tu, toa an va cac hie liidng vu trang khac1. Tut quan niem ve quyen hie nha niidc neu tren, cac tac gia chi ra nhfing dac triing cua quyen liic nha niidc nhii sau: 1) Quyen hie nha niidc la quyen hie cong cong dac biet, co tfnh khach quan, tat yeu trong mot giai doan lich sut nhat dinh; 2) Quyen liic nha niidc diidc hinh thanh tut sut uy quyen; 3) Quyen liic nha nutdc mang tfnh giai cap, ton tai trong moi triidng chfnh tri; 4) Quyen liic nha niidc c£n hdp phap va chfnh danh; 5) Quyen liic nha midc gan lien vdi chu quyen quoc gia; 6) Quyen liic nha niidc diidc thiic hien bang cd che dac biet; 7) Quyen lute nha niidc phai diidc to chute va thiic hien co hieu lute, hieu qua va phai co sii kiem soat; 8) Quyen lute nha nutdc. Neu quoc gia dtfdc xay dtfng dtf a tren cd sd nhtf the thi trat ttf se grut the thtfdng phong trong quan he gifia ngtfdi vdi ngtfdi, ca trong suy nghi cung nhtf trong hanh dong, day la mot chfnh phu ctfc ky ddn gian, de dtfdc chap nh&n, khong ton kem, nho gon, khong ap bite, cong chfnh va ben vtfng nhat ma ta co the tudng ttfdng dtfdc - du hinh thdtc chfnh tri cua no co nhu the nao di chang nuta1.
Dieu nay dadc minh chfag ci viec Vua (dai dien va true tiep set dung quyen lac nha nadc) hoi y kien Nhan dan trade khi quyet dinh van de quan trong cua quoc gia (chong giac hay dau hang giac khi dat nadc bi xam lang) va to chute quyen lUc nha nadc1. Vu Quoc Thong daa ra hai vi du de chutng minh:. - Vua Tran Nhan Tong trade khi an dinh chinh sach ddi vdi nha Nguyen da trieu hop cac bo lao tai dien Dien Hong, thanh ThSng Long de hoi y kien nen chien hay nen boa. - Ve nhutng van de quan trong, nha Vua trade khi quyet dinh bao gid cung h6i y kien cac quan trieu than chut khong quyet dinh mot each doc doan. Do la che do dinh nghi. Theo do, md cac phien hop quan lai van vo trong trieu de ban xet viec nadc. Cac quan lai bi£t luan pham trat cao thap, mot khi da dadc da hoi dong deu co quyen va co nhiem vu trinh bay y kien rieng cua minh, du cho £ kien do co trai vdi y kien cua so' dong. Dadi trieu vua Minh Mang nha Nguyen, thu tuc dinh nghi dUdc an dinh nha sau:. Thanh phtin hoi dong gom cac quan van tut chute Kiem sU trd len, quan vo tut chute Chudng cd, tutc Id. cac quan hang tut Chanh tut ph^m trd len. Tham quyen va quyen han: Vi la cd quan cong luan de phan chieu ta tadng cua trieu dinh, hoi dong co quyen xet tat ca viec nadc quan yeu, co quyen tuyen luta cac vien chute theo nhu cau cong vu vh ngoai ra, edn co quyen duyet lai cac ban an quan trong do bo Hinh vd. do Tam phap ty chuyen sang. Tuy nhien, quyen quyet dinh toi hau vln thuoc ve nhh Vua. Sil han che vtidng quyen dutdc tac gia Vu Quoc Thong ly giai hang ba ly do: 1) Quyen Ittc cua Vua bi gidi han bang cac tieng la minh quan hay anh quan, can phai cut xut co dutc do, trong phdp tri nude va phai Ky dan lam goc; 2) Che do til tri xa hoi da han che rat nhieu quyen hanh cua nha Vua; 3) Che do cong vu, nhat la quan lai dUOc Itfa chon trong so" nhutng ngutdi co chan. “Nude Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghia Viet Nam do Nhan dan lam chu; tat ca quyen lUc nha nUdc thuoc ve Nhan dan..” (Dieu 2) dua tren che do dan chu true tiep, dan chu dai dien va che do bau cut pho thong, true tiep, bo phieu kin de bau ra ngudi dai dien la dai bieu Quoc hoi va dai bieu Hoi dong nhan dan cac cap.
Nhanh quyen hanh phap (doi khi dung de chi “chfnh phu”) chiu trach nhiem thiic thi phap luat. Nhanh quyen tut phap co trach nhiem lam sang to va ap dung phap luat. De nha niidc co the ton tai, cac ca nhan va cac nhom phai nhutdng lai quyen lute trong nhuing linh vile then chot nhil quoc phdng cho mot cd quan cong cong. Cd quan do phai nam gid quyen hie cutdng che doi vdi tat ca nhdng hinh thutc to chute. khac trong pham vi lanh tho xac dinh nao do. Xem Ngan hang The gidi: Nha niidc trong mot the gidi dang chuyen doi, Sdd, tr.29. Du khac nhau ve each dien dat, song cac quan niem ve nha nutdc deu thong nhat d cac dau hieu cua nha nutdc bao gdm:. - Nha nutdc dutdc nhin • nh^n• • •la to chute dai dien chfnh thutc cho toan xa hoi, nen pham vi quyen hie nha nutdc bao trum toan bo ddi song xa hoi, chi pho'i moi ca nhan, to chute cung nhut tac dong den moi linh vtfe. De thutc hien chute nang dai dien va hien thutc hoa quyen Itfc nha nutdc, co mot Idp ngutdi khong trutc tiep thutc hien boat dong san xuat ma trutc tiep sut dung quyen lute nha nutdc de thutc hien chute nang quan ly xa hoi. - Cd lanh tho dutdc phan dinh vdi cac quoc gia khac bang dutdng bien gidi quoc gia. Tren cd sd khong gian lanh tho, nha nutdc dutdc doc quyen phan chia dan cut thanh cac ddn vi hanh chfnh khac nhau khong phu thuoc vao giai cap, dan toe, ton giao, huyet thong, dia vi xa hoi, nghe nghiep. Muc dfch cua viec phan loai ddn vi hanh chfnh la de hoach dinh chfnh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hoi; xay dung to chute bp may, che do, chfnh sach do'i vdi can bo, cong chute cua chfnh quyen dia phutdng phu hdp vdi tutng loai ddn vi hanh chfnh duta tren cac tieu chi ve quy mo dan so', dien tfch tut nhien, so' ddn vi hanh chfnh trutc thuoc, trinh do phat trien kinh te - xa hoi va cac ye'u to' dac thu cua tutng loai ddn vihanh chfnh d nong thon, do thi, hai dao1. Tuy thuoc vao vi tri,. vai tro cua ddn vi hanh chfnh lanh tho, nha nude cd the thiet lap cac che do phap ly khac nhau. Chang han, theo diem a Khoan 3 Dieu 3 Luat To chdc chfnh quyen dia phttong nam 2015 suta doi, bo sung nam 2019 thi thanh pho" Ha Noi, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh la ddn vi hanh chfnh cap tinh loai dac biet; cac ddn vi hanh chfnh cap tinh con lai diidc phan thanh ba loai: loai I, loai II. - Nha midc thiet lap bo may nha nude de ban hanh, thiic thi, bao ve phap luat cung nhii gid gin trat tut xa hoi, theo dinh hutdng cua nha nddc. Trong qua trinh thufc thi, bao ve phap luat cung nhut gid gin trat tut xa hoi, cac cd quan nha nutdc dutdc quyen sut dung cac bien phap cutdng che, nghia la ap dung che tai doi vdi cac hanh vi vi pham phap lu&t cung nhut xam pham trsLt tut xa hoi. Phap luat dutdc xem la mot trong nhdng cong cu dac hie va quan trong de nha nutdc thutc hien viec quan ly xa hoi. Quyen cam doan va trdng phat cua nha nutdc cho phep nha nutdc bao ve tot hdn sut an toan ca nhan va quyen sd hdu tai san. - Nha nutdc co chu quyen tuyet doi trong viec quyet dinh cac van de cua dat nutdc ma khong mot quoc gia nao difdc quyen can thiep trong pham vi lanh tho cua minh. Nha midc dung moi bien phap, cong cu de bao ve chu quyen lanh tho quoc gia trtfdc cac hanh vi xam pham lanh tho quoc gia cua bat k^ quoc gia hay to chdc, ca nhan nao. - Nha nude co quyen quy dinh cac loai thue mang tfnh bat buoc ddi vdi ca nhan va to chtitc trong xa hoi nham thiet 1&P nguon tai chinh, thutc hien chute nang cua minh cung nhut thutc hien cac chinh sach ho trd lute lutdng yeu the thong qua cac chinh sach an sinh xa hoi, nghia la thong qua quyen danh thue, nha nutdc co kha nang tai trd cho viec cung cdp hang hoa cong cong cho xa hoi. - Sut can thiep, tac dong cua nha nutdc ddi vdi xa hoi, nhat la ddi vdi boat dong kinh te luon co tfnh hai mat. khfa canh tfch cute co the nh&n th&y, nha nutdc cai thien ket qua phat trien theo mot so' each nhut: 1) Tao moi trutdng kinh te vi mo va kinh te vi mo trong do co nhutng hinh thutc kich thfch dung cho hoat dong kinh te hieu qua; 2) Tao mot cd sd ha tang the che - quyen sd hutu tai san, hoa binh, luM phap, trat tut va nhutng quy tac co kha nang khuyen khfch dau tut dai han; 3) Bao dam cung cap giao due cd sd, y te va ha tang cd sd vat chat cin thiet cho hoat dong kinh te va bao ve moi trutdng thien nhien. Tuy nhien, lich sut cung chi ra rang nha nutdc co the gay ra nhutng bat c&p to Idn nhut ban hanh chinh sach, phap luat khong dung co the lam nan. ?C t^l^) 1*^1 ^3^ 1 ^3^11; sai lam trong ap dung phap luat cua doi ngu cong chute co the ap dat nhutng mute chi phf giao dich khong 16 dutdi hinh thutc quan lieu va tham nhung ddi vdi nhiing doanh nghiep mdi hoac cd cau lai doanh nghiep cu. Da co nhieu each thutc, bien phap diidc ap dung de hien thUc hoa muc tieu nang cao chit lUdng cac dao luat, song thUc tidn ban hanh cac dao luat cua nude ta thdi gian qua cho thay, cd nhieu dao luat dtfdc thong qua nhUng phai lui thdi gian thi hanh vi co nhieu loi (trutdng hdp Bo luat Hinh sU nam 2015 seta ddi, bd sung nam 2017) hoac y tudng dieu chinh mot so' dao luat thue c6 kha nang lam tang ganh nang cho doanh nghiep va xa hoi din tdi sU hoang mang cua ca xa hoi hoac ban hanh cac dao luat dieu chinh nhutng van de dUdc cho la “nhay cam”, nhieu lan diia vao rdi lai diia ra kh6i chutdng trinh xay dung luat va phap lenh cua Quoc hoi.
Dong thdi, bao dam sti tham gia cua cong chung vao boat dong l£p phap chfnh la qua trinh tiep nhan, giai quyet cac xung dot Idi ich gifla cac hie luting xa hoi (trong moi tUting quan vdi nha ntfdc) nham muc tieu giup cho cac quy dinh phap luat (khi dUtic ban hanh) phu htip vdi quy luat phat trien khach quan cua xa hoi cung nhu nhutng ddi hoi cua thtic ti§n xa hoi. Ly luan va thUc tidn da chilng minh, neu quy dinh phap luat phu htip vdi thUc tien, quy luat phat trien xa hoi se trd thanh dong lUc quan trong trong thuc day xa hoi phat trien, ngUtic lai, phap luat se la hie can kho co the vtitit qua cho nhutng quyet dinh chUa dUtic quy dinh hoac da quy dinh ma khong phu htip vdi thtfc tai xa hoi.
- Du thao Luat Do dac va ban do dUa tren Nghi quyet so 36-NQ/TW ngay 01 thang 7 nam 2014 cua Bo Chfnh tri ve day manh Ung dung, phat trien cong nghe thong tin dap Ung yeu c£u phat trien ben vuLng va hoi nh&p quoc te, neu ro quan diem cua Dang la dau tU cho cong nghe thong tin la dau tU cho phat trien vA bao ve dat nude va xac dinh mot trong nhiing nhiem vu, giai phap chu yeu la xay dung he thong ha tang thong tin quoc gia dong bo, hien dai, bao dam kha nang tiep canva sut dung cho cac cd quan, to chute, doanh nghiep va ngUdi dan. De lam dutdc dieu nay can tang eddng nang hie, ky nang lap phap, nhat la chuan bi sang kien, cac noi dung can thiet cung nhtf cd che phoi hdp giuta cac Uy ban cua Quoc hoi trong viec hoan thien noi dung sang kien lap phap de tranh tinh trang sang kien lap phap lan dau tien cua dai bieu Quoc hoi bi loai khdi chtfdng trinh xay dtfng luat, phap lenh1 2, gay tiec nudi hoac kho nuoi diidng cac sang kien lap phap cua dai bieu Quoc hoi.
Hien phap thanh van thong thudng cd mot van ban duy nhat, nhUng doi khi ngoai van ban chfnh con kem theo cac ban tu chfnh an (nhu Hien phap Hoa K^..), hoac mot van ban khac (nhii Hien phap Cong hoa Phap nam 1958..)l. Theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 15 Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap luat nam 2015, Quoc hoi ban hanh luat de quy dinh ve:. - To clitic va hoat dong cua Quoc hoi, Chu tich ntidc, Chfnh phu, Toa an nhan dan, Vien kiem sat nhan dan, Hoi dong bau cti quoc gia, Kiem toan nha nrtdc, chfnh quyen dia phtidng, ddn vi hanh chfnh - kinh te dac biet va cd quan khac do Quoc hoi thanh lap;. - Quyen con ngtidi, quyen va nghia vu cd ban cua cong dan ma theo Hien phap phai do luat dinh, viec han che quyen con ngtidi, quyen cong dan; toi pham va hinh phat;. Xem Nguyen Dang Dung, Vu Cong Giao, Dang Minh Tuan, Nguyen Minh Tuan, La Khanh Tung: ABC ve hien phap:. - Chfnh sack cd ban ve tai chfnh, tien te quoc gia, ngan sach nha ntfdc; quy dinh, seta doi hoac bai bo cac thet thue;. - Chlnh sach cd ban ve van hoa, giao due, y te, khoa hoc, cong nghe, moi trtfdng;. - Quoc phong, an ninh quoc gia. Quoc hoi ban hanh nghi quyet de quy dinh:. - Ty le phan chia cac khoan thu va nhiem vu chi gitia ngan sach trung Udng va ngan sach dia phUdng;. tham quyen quyet dinh cua Quoc hoi nhiing chufa co lu|t dieu chinh hoac khac vdi quy dinh cua luat hien hanh;. - Tam ngiing hoac keo dai thdi han ap dung toan bo hoac mot phan luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi dap ting cac yeu cau cap bach ve phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, bao dam quyen con ngiidi, quyen cong dan;. - Quy dinh ve tinh trang khan cap, cac bien phap dac biet khac bao dam quoc phdng, an ninh quoc gia;. - Cac van de khac thuoc th^m quyen cua Quoc hoi. c) Phap lenh, nghi quyet cua Uy ban thWng vu Quoc hoi1. Uy ban thtfdng vu Quoc hoi ban hanh phap lenh de quy dinh nhUng v&n de dttdc Quoc hoi giao. Uy ban Thtfdng vu Quoc hoi ban hanh nghi quyet de quy dinh:. - Giai thfch Hien phap, lu&t, phap lenh;. - Tani ngtfng hoac kdo dai thdi han ap dung toan bo. hoac mot phan phap lenh, nghi quyet cua Uy ban thtfdng vu Quoc hoi dap ting cac yeu cau cap bach ve. phat trien kinh te - xa hoi;. - Bai bo phap lenh, nghi quyet cua Uy ban thUdng. vu Quoc hoi; trUdng hdp bai bo phap lenh thi Uy ban thtfdng vu Quoc hoi cd trach nhiem bao cao Quoc hoi tai ky hop gan nhat;. - Tong dong vien hoac dong vien cue bo; ban bo, bai bo tinh trang khan cap trong ca niidc hoac d tutng dia phUdng;. - Htfdng dan boat dong cua Hoi dong nhan dan;. - Van de khac thuoc th^m quyen cua Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi. d) Lenh, quyet dinh cua Chu tich niicrc1. Chu tich nttdc ban hanh lenh, quyet dinh de quy dinh:. - Tong dong vien hoac dong vien cue bo, cong bo, bai bo tinh trang khan cap can cut vao nghi quyet cua Uy ban thutdng vu Quoc hoi; cong bo, bai bo tinh trang khan cap trong ca nude hoac d ttag dia phutdng. trong trtfdng hdp Uy banthutdng vu Quoc hoi khong the hop dUdc;. - Van de khac thuoc tham quyen cua Chu tich nutde. d) Nghi dinh cua Chinh phu1. Chfnh phu ban hanh nghi dinh de quy dinh:. - Chi tiet dieu, khoan, diem dUdc giao trong luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi, phap lenh, nghi quyet cua. Uy ban thutdng vu Quoc hoi, lenh, quyet dinh cua Chu tich nutdc;. - Cac bien phap cu the de to chute thi hanh Hien phap, luat, nghi quyet cua Quoc hoi, phap lenh, nghi. quyet cua Uy ban thutdng vu Quoc hoi, lenh, quyet dinh cua Chu tich nutdc; cac bien phap de thtfc hien chinh sach kinh te - xa hoi, quoc phong, an ninh, tai chinh, tien te, ngan sach, thue, dan toe, ton giao, van hoa, giao due, y te, khoa hoc, cong nghe, moi trtfdng, doi ngoai, che do cong vu, can bo, cong chute, vien chute, quyen, nghia vu cua cong dan va cac van de khac thupc tham quyen quan ly, dieu hanh cua Chinh phu; nhutng van de lien quan den nhiem vu, quyen han cua tut hai bo, cd quan ngang bp trd len; nhiem vu, quyen han, to chute bp may cua cac bp, cd quan ngang bp, cd quan thupc Chinh phu va cac cd quan khac thupc tham quyen cua Chinh phu;. - Van de can thiet thupc tham quyen cua Quoc. hpi, Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hpi nhutng chuta du dieu. kien xay dung thanh lu^t hoac phap lenh de dap utng yeu cau quan ly nha nude, quan ly kinh, te, quan ty 1. Trtfdc khi ban hanh nghi dinh phai dtfdc sii dong y cua Uy ban thudng vu Quoc hoi. e) Quyet dinh cua Thu tiffing Chfnh phu1:. Thu ttfdng Chfnh phu ban hanh quyet dinh de quy dinh:. - Bien phap lanh dao, dieu hanh boat dong cua Chfnh phu va he thong hanh chfnh nha nutdc tit trung tfdng den dia phUdng, che do lam viec vdi cac thanh vien Chfnh phu, chfnh quyen dia phiidng va cac van de khac thuoc tham quyen cua Thu ttfdng Chfnh phu;. - Bien phap chi dao, phoi hdp hoat dong cua cac thanh vien Chfnh phu; kiem tra hoat dong cua cac bo, cd quan ngang bo, cd quan thuoc Chfnh phu, chfnh quyen dia phiidng trong viec thtfc hien dtfdng loi, chu trtfdng cua Dang, chfnh sach, phap luat cua Nha nutdc. e) Nghi quyet cua Hoi dong Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cad12: Hoi dong Tham phan Tda an nhan dan toi cao ban hanh nghi quyet de httdng dan viec ap dung thong nhat phap luat trong xet xii thong qua tong ket viec ap dung phap luat, giam doc viec xet xut. g) Thong tit cua Chanh an Tda an nhan dan tdi cao3; thong tu cua Vien trutdng Vien kiem sat nhan dan toi. Tong Kiem toan nhd nttdc ban hanh quyet dinh de quy dinh chuan mile kiem toan nha nttdc, quy trinh kiem toan, hd sd kiem toan (Dieu 26 Luat Ban hdnh v£n ban quy pham phap lu^t nam 2015). h) Nghi quyet cua Hoi dongnhan dan tinh, thanh pho trite thuoc trung itdng (sau day goi chungla cap tinh)1. Hoi dong nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh nghi quyet de quy dinh:. - Chi tiet dieu, khoan, diem dUdc giao trong van ban quy pham phap luat cua cd quan nha nude cap tren;. - Chinh sach, bien phap nham bao dam thi hanh Hien phap, luat, van ban quy pham phap luat cua cd quan nha nude cap tren;. - Bien phap nham phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, ngan sach, quoc phong, an ninh d dia phUdng;. - Bien phap co tinh chat dac thu phu hdp vdi dieu kien phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua dia phtfdng. i) Quyet dinh cua Uyban nhan dan cap tinh. Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh ban hanh quyet dinh de quy dinh:. - Chi tiet dieu, khoan, diem diidc giao trong van ban quy pham phap luat cua cd quan nha nUdc cap tren;. - Bien phap thi hanh Hien phap, luat, van ban cua cd quan nha nude cap tren, nghi quyet cua Hoi dong nhan dan cung cap ve phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, ngan sach, quoc phong, an ninh d dia phtfdng; 1 2. - Bien phap thdc hien chile nang quan ly nha niidc d dia phrtdng. k) Van ban quy pham phap luat cua chfnh quyen dia phtfdng d ddn vi hanh chfnh - kinh te dac biet1. Hoi dong nhan dan 6 ddn vi hanh chinh - kinh te dac biet ban hanh nghi quyet, Uy ban nhan dan d ddn vi hanh chinh - kinh te dac biet ban hanh quyet dinh theo quy dinh cua Luat Ban hanh van ban quy pham phap lu|t nam 2015 va cac luat khac cd lien quan. nhan dan cap huyen, cap xa ban hanh nghi quyet, Uy ban nhan dan cap huyen, cap xa ban hanh quyet dinh de quy dinh nhtfng van de defde luat giao. m) Nghi quyet lien tich gida Uy han Thudng vu Quoc hoi hoac Chfnh phu vdiDoan Chu tich Uy ban Trung Ucfng Mat tran To quoc Viet Nam.
The che hoa quan diem nay, tai diem c Khoan 2 Dieu 22 Lu&t To chute Tda an nhan dan nam 2014 quy dinh Hoi dong Tham phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao co nhiem vu: Lua chon quyet dinh giam doc tham cua Hoi dong Tham phan Toa an nhan dan toi cao, ban an, quyet dinh da co hieu luc phap ludt, co tinh chuan mile cua cac toa an, tong ket, phat trien thanh an le va cong bo an le de cac tda an nghien cutu, ap dung trong xet xet. - Co gia tri lam rd quy dinh cua phap lu^t cdn co each hieu khac nhau, phan tich, giai thich cac van de, set kien phap ly va chi ra nguyen tac, dUdng loi xut ly, quy pham phap luat can ap dung trong mot vu viec cu the hoac the hien le cong bang doi vdi nhutng van de chita co dieux 9luat quy dinh cu the;.
Hoac Bo luat Hinh set nam 2015 vcta thong qua da bi det luAn chi ra 90 loi sai sot da din tdi Quoc hoi phai lui lai viec thi hanh va phai ngay lap trie seta doi, bo sung mot so dieu cua Bp luat Hinh sii12, dong thdi cung co quan diem de cap den trach nhiem doi vdi nhutng du thao luat k£m chat htdng..3. Chinh quyen dia phttdng thi lo ngai lay y kien nhieu se khong con thdi gian de thtfc hien nhiem vu hanh chinh, quan ly va phan nan ve nguon tai chinh han hep, de lam viec nay phai cat tit ngan sach boat dong hanh chinh ma khong dtfdc bo sung them.
Theo quan diem cua tac gia Hoang The Lien thi phap luat chi trd thanh sutc manh • vat chat• khi dutdc• •thi hanh mot each nghiem chinh, chutng nao thi hanh phap luat khong tot thi sutc manh cua phap luat chi mang tfnh ran de va do do, chutng nao phap luat vin chuta dutdc thutc thi nghiem minh thi chutng do nha nutdc phap quyen vin chi la hinh thutc12. Thvt nhat, cot loi cua thiic thi phap luat la viec chuyen hoa quy dinh phap lu^t dUdc ghi nhan trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat (luat tren giA'y, trong trang thai tinh, chuta dung cac quy t&c xil sil can thiet theo y dinh cua ngildi ban hanh phap luM) thanh cac hanh vi phap ly cu the cua to chrtc, ca nhan la doi ttfdng chiu tac dong cua van ban phap luat do.
Theo Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, de thi hanh tot phap luat, ngoai phap luat con can sdc manh tong hdp cua cac bien phap each mang, cac bien phap vdn dong quan chung, khong chi dung duy nhat bo may chfnh quyen ma con biet stf dung cac dinh che khac, cac doan the, cac to chile trong toan bo he thong chmh tri1. Tut hanh vi thuc tien nay, ngUdi ta co the danh gia dutdc tinh hop phap hay khong hdp phap (hanh vi xut sd cua doi tutdng tac dong cua van ban), mute do phu hdp hay khong phd hdp cua quy dinh phap luat vdi nhu cau dieu chinh quan he xa hoi (tfnh phu hdp, tinh kha thi cua phap luat) cung nhuf bao dam tfnh thong nhat, phu hdp vdi Hien phap va cac quy dinh phap luat co lien quan (tinh thong nhat cua phap luat).
Cd che dieu chinh phap luat doi vdi cd quan nha nude bao gom viec thutc hien chute nang, nhiem vu, quyen han do phap luat quy dinh; thutc hien cac thu tuc phap ly can thiet (trong do quan trong va pho bien nhat la thu tuc hanh chinh va thu tuc to" tung tai Toa an nhan dan) de bao ve quyen cho to chute, ca nhan; ho trd to chute, ca nhan khi thutc hien quyen, nghia vu cua minh trong moi tutdng quan vdi nha nutdc. Cd che dieu chinh phap luat doi vdi to chute, ca nhan nhan manh tdi viec ghi nhan va bao dam thutc thi quyen, ho trd thutc hien nghia vu phap ly theo quy dinh cua phap luat, bao ve quyen Idi cua to chute, ca nhan khi bi xam pham trong pham vi tham •) ằquyen dutdc giao. Do v&y, cd che dieu chinh phap luat la cd sd thtfc tidn quan trong cho viec xac dinh nhu cau, ke hoach lip phap; nhutng noi dung can dutdc luat hoa, nhutng noi dung khong can luat hoa trong cac linh vile phap luat cu the; each thrtc, bien phap sila doi, bo sung nhtfng bat cap, han che trong quy dinh de phap luat ngay cang tot hdn, phu hdp hdn vdi thrtc tai xa hoi cung nhut cac cam ket quoc te.
Cac quy tic dUdc xay dutng de dieu chinh set lien ket, ket hop nay dutdc goi la cac “quy tac xut sut” ma neu bat cut thanh vien mdi nao muon “gia nhap” cung can phai co sut hieu biet cac quy tac nay de c6 the xU sut phu hop nhat, nhim tranh nhutng mau thuan, bat dong do khong hieu, khong nim bit kip thdi cac quy tic xut sii nay. Cac quan he xa hoi luon didn ra trong mot pham vi khong gian nhat dinh ma d do, cac quan he xa hoi chiu sU tac dong true tiep cua phong tuc, tap quan, loi song, thoi quen, each hanh xut cung nhu nhfing net van hoa truyen thong ma bat cd chu the nao khi xac lap quan he vdi cac thanh vien cua cong dong ngtidi deu phai tuan thu tren nguyen ly.
Quan ni^m nay da mo rpng toi da pham vi tac dpng cua khai ni§m co che dieu chinh phap luat toi muc dung hpp vao do ca nhung yeu to nam ngoai gioi han cua khai ni£m co che dieu chinh phap luat; chua phan dinh rd chuc nang dieu chinh vdi chuc nang giao dye cua phap luat va do do, viec xac dinh cac thanh to hpp thanh co che dieu chinh phap luat cung nhu xac dinh va giai quyet moi quan he giua chung vdi tu each la co che (he thong) dieu chinh cung se gap nhung khd khan nhat dinh. - Quan diem thu ba cho rang, co che dieu chinh phap luat bao gom hai bp phan trai ngupc nhau, do la phuong thuc dieu chinh phap luat dupe the hien trong cac quy pham phap luat la co so de cac chu the lya chpn each xu sy phu hpp vdi yeu cau cua phap lupt (cho phep, bat bupc hoac cam doan) va phuong thuc thyc hien hanh vi, the hien trong each xu sy cy the cua con nguoi, trong do chu the phap lupt chu dpng thyc hien, phai thyc hien hope phai kiem che thychien.
- Thiet 1A-P trat tut xa hoi theo ky vong cua nha nude dude the hien trong noi dung quy pham phap lu^t. - So sanh he thong phap luat quoc gia vdi cac cam ket quoc te ma quoc gia la thanh vien de dieu chinh cho phu hdp.
Neu nhut chile nang dieu chinh cua phap luat doi vdi cac quan he xa hoi dutdc the hien theo hai hutdng chinh: mot mat phap luat ghi nhan cac quan he cd ban, quan trong va pho bien trong xa hoi; mat khac phap luat bao dam cho cac quan he xa hoi do phat trien phu hdp vdi Idi ich cua giai cap va Idi ich cua xa hoi va dutdc thutc hien thong qua cac hinh thutc: quy dinh, cho phep, ngan cam, quy dinh quyen va nghia vu giuta cac chu the tham gia vao cac quan he phap luat thi cd che dieu chinh phap luat giup nha nutdc co dUdc cd sd thutc tien cho viec xac dinh nhu cau lap phap; danh gia mute do phu hdp cua quy dinh phap luat vdi nhu cau dieu chinh xa hoi; la viec danh gia mute do nh&n thutc cua chu the phap luat doi vdi noi dung quy dinh phap luat da dutdc nha nutdc ban hanh. “mot each nhin ve luat phap, dat phap luat trongnhftng titefng quan da chieu vdi khoa hoc hanh vi, each nghi, each dng xd, ton giao, niem tin, cac dac tinh nhan hoc cua cac cong dong va toe ngtfd?\ Trong thUc te, tuy tinh hinh cu the ma ngUdi ta luon co the bien bao “linh dong”, “Uu dai”, “le rieng”, co the thay doi hoac vutt bo nhutng quy t&c cua phap luat thanh van chinh thutc ma ap dung le lang hay nhieu biet le khac, do do, huynh htfdng phi ly tmh trong van hoa phap luat cua ngUdi Viet Nam la mot diem yeu, bieu hien d cho no thieu tmh phap quy chat che, thieu “tinh than phap tri”, cd ban drta tren “stf rang buoc tarn ly” va dao ddc, thieu sii sap dat can thiet ve che do de bao dam phap luat dtfdc thrtc thi nghiem chinh2.
Chang han, de thtfc hien dung dan va nghiem chinh phap luat la mot yeu cau khach quan cua quan ly nha ntfdc, nhtfng de thtfc hien dung dan va nghiem minh, chu the phap luat ddi hoi nha ntfdc phai ban hanh cac quy dinh phap luat ro rang, minh bach, cu the, co chat Itfdng tot, co the tien lieu va giam thieu chi phi tuan thu. Neu viec mo hinh hoa nay phu hdp thi cac hanh vi thutc hien phap luat phan Idn la hanh vi hdp phap, neu quy tac xut stf nay khong phu hdp thi chu the phap luat hoac la khong chap hanh, tuan thu phap luat, hoac la lan tranh phap luat tham chi la thutc hien hanh vi vi pham phap luat.
Noi dung quy dinh thudng la cho phep thutc hien (nhu quy dinh moi ngUdi co quyen ket hon, quyen lao dong, quyen tut do cU tni..), khong dutdc phep thUc hien (the hien ro trong quy dinh ve xut ly vi pham hanh chfnh va toi pham) va hutdng dan chu the thUc hien (lien quan nhieu den each thutc, trinh tut, thu tuc, chi din de chu the duta vao do ma thUc hien cho dung). - Nghia vu thanh toan dupe quy dinh tai Dieu 583 Bp luat Dan set nam 2015: “Chu sd hutu, chu the co quyen khac doi vdi tai san, ngudi bi thiet hai dupe hoan tra tai san thi phai thanh toan chi phi can thiet ma ngudi chiem hutu, ngudi sut dung tai san, ngudi dupe Ipi ve tai san ma khong co can cut phap luat nhUng ngay tinh da b6 ra de bao quan, lam tang gia tri cua tai san”.
Co nhieu trutdng hdp rat kho xac dinh khi ma chet lam sang (moi chute nang song ngutng boat dong) khong tutdng dong vdi chet bo nao (dutdc xac nhan thong qua dien nao do “phang”)12 va do do cung gay kho khan cho. viec xac dinh thdi diem chain dutt nang hie phap luat. Ngoai ra cung con co mot so' ngoai le khac nhut vang mat - chi tinh trang mot ca nhan khong xuat hien trong mot khoang thdi gian rat lau ma khong trd ve nen khong the xac dinh dutdc xem hien tai nang lute phap lu^t cua ngutdi do co con hay khong, dieu do se gay kh6 khan cho viec thutc hien quyen cua cac chu nd cung nhut quyen cua cac chu the co lien quan. Mot trutdng hdp nuta la tinh trang mat tfch trong trutdng hdp xac dinh chic chan mot ngutdi la da chet nhuing khong tim thay xac nhut dam tau, hoa hoan, dong dat nen khong the lam thu tuc khai tut, nen buoc tuyen bo mot ngutdi la da. Xem Jean-Claude Ricci: Nh$pmon luat hoc, Sdd, tr.90. Nhdng trudng hdp nay Bo lu&t Dan sut Viet Nam cung da giai quyet kha cu the, chi tie't12. Npi dung nang lute phap luat co nhutng yeu to' cho phdp ca the h6a moi ngutdi ve mat phap ly va trao cho ngutdi do nang lute rieng cua anh ta dtfa tren ba yeu to': ho ten, ndi cut tru, ho tich3. Doi vdi phap nhan, nang lute phap luat dan sut cua phap nhan la kha nang cua phap nhan co cac quyen, nghia vu dan sut. Nang hie phap luat dan sut cua phap nhan khong bi han che, trit trutdng hdp Bo luat Dan sii nam 2015, luat khac co lien quan quy dinh khac. Nang lute phap luat dan sut cua phap nhan phat sinh tut thdi diem dutdc cd quan nha nutdc co tham quyen thanh lap hoac cho phep thanh lap; ne'u phap nhan phai dang ky boat dong thi nang lute phap luat dan sut cua phap nhan phat sinh tut thdi diem ghi vao so dang ky va cham dutt ke tut thdi diem cham dutt phap nhan4. b) Nang htc hanh vi cua chu the phap luat Nang lute hanh vi cua chu the phap luat la kha nang lam nha nutdc thufa nhan cho cac ca nhan, to chute bang hanh vi cua minh xac l&p (tham gia) va thutc hien cac quyen va nghia vu phap ly. Doi vdi trtfdng hdp ngtfdi co kho khan trong nhan thtfc, lam chu hanh vi, ttfc la “ngtfdi thanh nien do tinh trang the chat hoac tinh than ma khong du kha nang nhan thtfc, lam chu hanh vi nhtfng chtfa den mile mat nang Itfc hanh vi dan stf thi ngtfdi nay, ngtfdi co quyen, Idi ich hen quan hoac cua cd quan, to chtfc htf u quan, tren cd sd ket luan giam dinh phap y tam than co the yeu cau Toa an ra quyet dinh tuyen bo' ngtfdi nay la ngUdi co kho khan trong nhan thtfc, lam chu hanh vi va chi dinh ngtfdi giam ho, xac dinh quyen, nghia vu cua ngUdi giam ho” (Khoan 1 Dieu 23 Bo luat Dan stf nam 2015). Doi vdi ngUdi chUa thanh nien, ttfc la ngtfdi chtfa du mtfdi tam tuoi thi tuy trtfdng hdp ma ngtfdi chtfa thanh nien c6 the ttf minh thtfc hien hoac buoc phai thtfc hien thong qua ngtfdi dai dien theo phap luat. Cu the tai Dieu 21 Bp lu£t Dan stf nam 2015 quy dinh: i) Giao dich dan stf cua ngtfdi chtfa du sau tuoi do ngtfdi dai dien theo phap lu|t cua ngtfdi do xac lap, thtfc hien; ii) Ngtfdi ttf du sau tuoi den chtfa du mtfdi l&m tuoi khi xac l|p, thtfc hien giao dich dan stf phai. dUdc ngutdi dai dien theo phap luat dong y, trut giao dich dan sut phuc vu nhu cau sinh hoat hang ngay phu hdp vdi Ida tuoi; iii) Ngtfdi tut du mutdi lam tuoi den chuta du mutoi tam tuoi tut minh xac lap, thtfc hien giao dich dan stf, trut giao dich dan sii lien quan den bat dong san, dong san phai dang ky va giao dich dan set khac theo quy dinh cua luat phai dutdc ngutdi dai dien theo phap luat dong y.