There is a common expression in English language referring to a blue moon. When people say that something happens "only once in blue moon,” they mean that it happens only very rarely, once in a great while. This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are references to this expression that date from the second half of the nineteenth century. The expression " a blue moon" has come to refer to the second full moon occurring in any given calendar month. A second full moon is not called a blue moon because it is particularly blue or is any different in hue from the first full moon of the month. Instead, it is called a blue moon because it is so rare- The moon needs a little more than 29 days to complete the cycle from full moon to full moon. Because every month except Febmary has more than 29 days, every month will have at least one full moon (except February, which will have a full moon unless there is a full moon at the very end of January and another full moon at the very beginning of March). It is or the occasion when a given calendar month has a second full moon that a blue moon occurs. This does not happen very often, only three or four times in a decade. The blue moons of today are called blue moons because of their rarity and not because of their colon however, the expression “blue moon” may have come into existence in reference to unusual circumstances in which the moon actually appeared blue. Certain natural phenomena of gigantic proportions can actually change the appearance of the moon from Earth. The eruption of the Krakatao volcano in 1883 left dust particles in the atmosphere, which clouded the sun and gave the moon a bluish tint. This particular occurrence of the blue moon may have given rise to the expression that we use today. Another example occurred more than a century later. When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines in 1991, the moon again took on a blue tint. How long has the expression “once in a blue moon" been around?
ĐÁP ÁN MÔN ĐỌC TIẾNG ANH - (EN40) (Người soạn: phonghv002) LUYỆN TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM 1 Read the text and choose the best answer There is a common expression in English language referring to a blue moon When people say that something happens "only once in blue moon,” they mean that it happens only very rarely, once in a great while This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are references to this expression that date from the second half of the nineteenth century The expression " a blue moon" has come to refer to the second full moon occurring in any given calendar month A second full moon is not called a blue moon because it is particularly blue or is any different in hue from the first full moon of the month Instead, it is called a blue moon because it is so rare- The moon needs a little more than 29 days to complete the cycle from full moon to full moon Because every month except Febmary has more than 29 days, every month will have at least one full moon (except February, which will have a full moon unless there is a full moon at the very end of January and another full moon at the very beginning of March) It is or the occasion when a given calendar month has a second full moon that a blue moon occurs This does not happen very often, only three or four times in a decade The blue moons of today are called blue moons because of their rarity and not because of their colon however, the expression “blue moon” may have come into existence in reference to unusual circumstances in which the moon actually appeared blue Certain natural phenomena of gigantic proportions can actually change the appearance of the moon from Earth The eruption of the Krakatao volcano in 1883 left dust particles in the atmosphere, which clouded the sun and gave the moon a bluish tint This particular occurrence of the blue moon may have given rise to the expression that we use today Another example occurred more than a century later When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines in 1991, the moon again took on a blue tint How long has the expression “once in a blue moon" been around? Chọn câu trả lời: a For 200 years b For around 50 years c For more than 100 years (Đúng) d For less than 100 years Read the text and choose the best answer Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area A "steamer” in paragraph is probably Chọn câu trả lời: a A boat (Đúng) b A park c a bus d A walkway Read the text and complete the sentence below COURSE GUIDELINES Assignments Coursework assignments will involve the production of an artefact (something shaped by human beings rather than by nature) OR an investigation of some kind followed by a report This is to demonstrate the relevance of your study to society today If you opt to produce an artefact, (e.g a working model or piece of machinery) you will also be expected to provide some written explanation of how and why you produced it You need to follow these steps: •Find out precisely what is expected of you Talk to your tutor and refer to the syllabus document •Be aware of what skills and abilities you must demonstrate •Always plan a project thoroughly before you begin it but be realistic about how much time you can seriously devote to it Choosing a topic Remember that this course is essentially concerned with the achievement of desired ends So first identify a real-life problem, then consider it in detail, specify a precise need and then define your design task As you plan, wherever possible, consider using new materials, techniques and technology such as computer-aided design (CAD) There is nothing wrong with talking to knowledgeable people about your project; in fact, this shows initiative However, the project is yours so you must the work yourself You will need a fairly flexible plan because sometimes resources, apparatus and consumables may not be available when you need them It is a good idea to work backwards when planning so you know you will meet your final deadline Finally, when you plan the various stages of your project give due regard to safety and costs As well as being cost effective, the method chosen must also be………………… Chọn câu trả lời: a safety b safe (Đúng) c cost d technology Read the text and choose the best answer Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area According to the passage, why was Niagara Park created? Chọn câu trả lời: a To force Canada to open Queen Victoria Park b To encourage tourists to visit Niagara Falls c To show off the natural beauty of Niagara Falls d To protect the area around Niagara Falls (Đúng) Read the text and choose the best answer Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area The word “jurisdiction" in paragraph is closest in meaning to Chọn câu trả lời: a control (Đúng) b view c taxation d assistance Read the text and choose the best answer The hunter-gatherer lifestyle indicates that women should exercise only a little less intensely than men, says De Vany 'Women are opportunistic hunters who go after small game when they come across it They also climb trees to capture honey and snare birds And have you ever seen how much work it is to dig out a deep tuber?' Women benefit enormously from strength work, he says It increases their bone density and they get and stay leaner by building muscle mass 'Today's women are so weak [compared with their female ancestors].' Of course, people vary De Vany acknowledges that our ancestors were adapted to a variety of terrains and climates Cordain points out that genetic differences between populations lead to different physical strengths East Africans, for example, seem to be better endurance runners, West Africans better sprinters But human genetic similarity greatly outweighs the variations And because our genes have changed so very little since Palaeolithic times, if you want to be a lean, mean, survival machine why not try exercising like a caveman? Geographical features have played a role inhumanphysical development Chọn câu trả lời: a TRUE (Đúng) b FALSE c NOT GIVEN Read the text and choose the best answer Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area The passage implies that tourists prefer to Chọn câu trả lời: a see the falls from a great distance b come to Niagara Falls for a winter vacation c visit Niagara Falls during warmer weather (Đúng) d take a ride over the falls Read the text and choose the best answer Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area The word "flock” in paragraph could best be replaced by Chọn câu trả lời: a come by plane b come out of boredom c come without knowing what they will see d come in large numbers (Đúng) Read the text and choose the best answer Niagara Falls, one of the most famous North American natural wonders, has long been a popular tourist destination Tourists today flock to see the two falls that actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side of the river in the state of New York Approximately 85 percent of the water that goes over the falls actually goes over Horseshoe Falls, with the rest going over American Falls Most visitors come between April and October, and it is quite a popular activity to take a steamer out onto the river and right up to the base of the falls for a close-up view It is also possible to get a spectacular view of the falls from the strategic locations along the Niagara River, such as Prospect Point or Table Rock, or from one of the four observation towers which have heights up to 500 feet Tourists have been visiting Niagara Falls in large numbers since the 1800s; annual visitation now averages above 10 million visitors per year Because of concern that all these tourists would inadvertently destroy the natural beauty of this scenic wonder, the state of New York in 1885 created Niagara Falls Park in order to protect the land surrounding American Falls A year later Canada created Queen Victoria Park on the Canadian side of the Niagara, around Horseshoe Falls With the area surrounding the falls under the jurisdiction of government agencies, appropriate steps could be taken to preserve the pristine beauty of the area What is the major point that the author is making in this passage? Chọn câu trả lời: a A trip to the United States isn't complete without a visit to Niagara Falls b Niagara Falls can be viewed from either the American side or the Canadian side c It has been necessary to protect Niagara Falls from the many tourists who go there (Đúng) d Niagara Falls has had an interesting history 10 Read the text and choose the best answer The hunter-gatherer lifestyle indicates that women should exercise only a little less intensely than men, says De Vany 'Women are opportunistic hunters who go after small game when they come across it They also climb trees to capture honey and snare birds And have you ever seen how much work it is to dig out a deep tuber?' Women benefit enormously from strength work, he says It increases their bone density and they get and stay leaner by building muscle mass 'Today's women are so weak [compared with their female ancestors].' Of course, people vary De Vany acknowledges that our ancestors were adapted to a variety of terrains and climates Cordain points out that genetic differences between populations lead to different physical strengths East Africans, for example, seem to be better endurance runners, West Africans better sprinters But human genetic similarity greatly outweighs the variations And because our genes have changed so very little since Palaeolithic times, if you want to be a lean, mean, survival machine why not try exercising like a caveman? The importance of genetic differences in deciding on an exercise programme is minimal Chọn câu trả lời: a FALSE b NOT GIVEN c TRUE (Đúng) 11 Read the text and choose the best answer There is a common expression in English language referring to a blue moon When people say that something happens "only once in blue moon,” they mean that it happens only very rarely, once in a great while This expression has been around for at least a century and a half; there are references to this expression that date from the second half of the nineteenth century The expression " a blue moon" has come to refer to the second full moon occurring in any given calendar month A second full moon is not called a blue moon because it is particularly blue or is any different in hue from the first full moon of the month Instead, it is called a blue moon because it is so rare- The moon needs a little more than 29 days to complete the cycle from full moon to full moon Because every month except Febmary has more than 29 days, every month will have at least one full moon (except February, which will have a full moon unless there is a full moon at the very end of January and another full moon at the very beginning of March) It is or the occasion when a given calendar month has a second full moon that a blue moon occurs This does not happen very often, only three or four times in a decade The blue moons of today are called blue moons because of their rarity and not because of their color however, the expression “blue moon” may have come into existence in reference to unusual circumstances in which the moon actually appeared blue Certain natural phenomena of gigantic proportions can actually change the appearance of the moon from Earth The eruption of the Krakatao volcano in 1883 left dust particles in the atmosphere, which clouded the sun and gave the moon a bluish tint This particular occurrence of the blue moon may have given rise to the expression that we use today Another example occurred more than a century later When Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines in 1991, the moon again took on a blue tint Which of the following might be the date of a “blue moon"? Chọn câu trả lời: a April 15 b December 31 (Đúng) c February 28 d January 12 Read the text and choose the best answer De Vany views the body as non-linear and dynamic and says exercise should mix order and chaos 'Chronic aerobic exercise overstrains the heart, reducing the chaotic variation in the heart rate which is essential to health,' he says Likewise, most weight training is governed too much by routine and is too timeconsuming He gives his own workout a chaotic character with ascending weights and descending repetitions To these brief but intense gym workouts he adds a wide variety of other activities that vary randomly in intensity and duration These include roller blading, bicycling, walking, sprinting, tennis, basketball, power walking, hitting softballs and trekking with a grandson on his shoulders Which type of exercise does De Vany practise on a regular basis? Chọn câu trả lời: a aerobic exercise b weight training (Đúng) c trekking d hitting softballs 13 Read the text and choose the best answer Across the Palaeolithic age - which covers the period between 2.6 million and 10,000years ago - prey animals were large, fast on their feet, or both For men, this would have meant lots of walking or jogging to find herds, dramatic sprints, jumps and turns, perhaps violent struggles, and long walks home carrying the kill Women may not have had such intense exercise, but they would have spent many hours walking to sources of water or food, digging up tubers, and carrying children If modern hunter-gatherers are anything to go by, men may have hunted for up to four days a week and travelled 15 kilometres or more on each trip Women may have gathered food every two or three days There would also have been plenty of other regular physical activities for both sexes such as skinning animals and tool making, and probably dancing Our ancestors must have evolved cardiovascular, metabolic and thermoregulatory systems capable of sustaining high-level aerobic exertion under the hot African sun, according to Loren Cordain of the Human Performance Laboratory at Colorado State University And given that the Palaeolithic era ended only an evolutionary blink of an eye ago, we ignore its legacy at our peril Cordain and his colleagues point out that in today's developed societies, inactivity is associated with disease Contemporary hunter- gatherer societies rarely experience these modern killers, they say This is where De Vany's exercise ideas come in 'The primary objectives for any exercise and diet programme must be to counter hyper-insulinaemia (chronically elevated insulin) and hypoexertion (wasting of the body's lean mass through inactivity),' he writes in his forthcoming book about evolutionary exercise Exercise and diet are linked For example, says De Vany, our appetite control mechanisms work best when our activity mimics that of our ancestors But he feels that most modern exercise regimes are not hitting the mark Cordain compares modern hunter-gatherer societies to Paleolithic societies in terms of their… Chọn câu trả lời: a resistance to certain fatal illnesses (Đúng) b ability to withstand high temperatures c healthy mix of work and leisure activities d refusal to change their way of life 14 Read the text and choose the best answer Art De Vany is 62, but physical fitness tests three years ago showed he had the body of a 32-year-old Although De Vany is sceptical of such assessments, he knows he's in good shape His former career as a professional baseball player may have something to with it, but he attributes his physical prowess to an, exercise regime inspired by the lifestyles of our Palaeolithic ancestors What you learn about Art De Vany in the paragraph? Chọn câu trả lời: a He believes he has inherited a strong body b He frequently tests his health c He works as a professional sports player d He is older than he appears to be (Đúng) 15 Read the text and choose the best answer De Vany views the body as non-linear and dynamic and says exercise should mix order and chaos 'Chronic aerobic exercise overstrains the heart, reducing the chaotic variation in the heart rate which is essential to health,' he says Likewise, most weight training is governed too much by routine and is too timeconsuming He gives his own workout a chaotic character with ascending weights and descending repetitions To these brief but intense gym workouts he adds a wide variety of other activities that vary randomly in intensity and duration These include roller blading, bicycling, walking, sprinting, tennis, basketball, power walking, hitting softballs and trekking with a grandson on his shoulders Which TWO opposing factors does De Vany say an exercise programmeshould include? Chọn câu trả lời: a intensity and duration b order and chaos (Đúng) c non-linear and dynamic 10 Chọn câu trả lời: a TRUE Câu trả lời b NOT GIVEN c FALSE 14 Read the text and choose the best answer To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed below A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists Chọn câu trả lời: a NOT GIVEN b TRUE c FALSE Câu trả lời 15 In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction 70 C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand The haphazard nature of reproduction Chọn câu trả lời: a Paragraph D b Paragraph B c Paragraph A Câu trả lời d Paragraph C 16 In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction 71 D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand An imblance of the sexes Chọn câu trả lời: a Paragraph C b Paragraph A c Paragraph B Câu trả lời d Paragraph D 17 Read the text and choose the best answer The main growth area has been the market for eight to fourteen-year-olds, and there is little doubt that the boom has been fuelled by the bespectacled apprentice, Harry Potter So influential has J K Rowling’s series of books been that they have helped to make reading fashionable for pre-teens ‘Harry made it OK to be seen on a bus reading a book,’ says Cooling ‘To a child, that is important.’ The current buzz around the publication of the fourth Harry Potter beats anything in the world of adult literature What is the main idea of this paragraph? Chọn câu trả lời: a Children are quick to decide whether they like or dislike a book Câu trả lời không b Children will read many books by an author that they like (để ý) c an inaccurate forecast regarding the reading habits of children (gần đúng) d the impact of a particular fictional character on the sales of children’s books 18 Read the text and choose the best answer Flowering plants have evolved a variety of methods for signaling2 their usefulness to pollinators or for otherwise making their work easier Butterflies are attracted to flowers that are open during the day, are bright—typically red, yellow, or orange— and have a “landing platform.” In contrast, many moths are active at night and thus are attracted to flowers that are pale or white, have a strong fragrance, but also have broad areas to land on Both butterflies and moths have long tongues and have coevolved with plants that have developed deep sources of nectar that are available only to certain species Hummingbirds are also attracted by color3 especially by bright reds, and flowers that attract these tiny 72 birds also have strong stems and are designed for pollen to be brushed on the hummingbirds’ heads as they sip nectar If an attractive flower is very small, a butterfly will land on its leaves Chọn câu trả lời: a NOT GIVEN (đúng) b FALSE c TRUE 19 Read the text and choose the best answer To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed below A link exist between the consequences of decisions and the decision making process itself Chọn câu trả lời: a TRUE b NOT GIVEN c FALSE 20 Read the text and decide that the statement is TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN When you think about it, it's amazing that anyone gets away with a carefree holiday It seems there is limitless potential for things to go wrong, from flight delays and lost luggage to poor accommodation A recent questionnaire showed that a third of people who replied had a complaint about their holiday last year And when these unhappy holidaymakers discussed the problem with their tour company nearly half said it involved time and effort on their part to resolve things 73 When asked exactly what the reasons were for their dissatisfaction top of the list was flight delays and 20 per cent of holiday-makers to Europe said they had to wait up to an hour More worrying is the fact that almost a third of holiday-makers who had complained said it was about the apartment or hotel room they had been allocated There is an enormous variety of holiday accommodation and we recommend that consumers look for places that have been inspected by the Tourist Boards; this way they can have the confidence that they will get the type of accommodation they are looking for It seems that tour companies now offer more honest accurate brochures though Eight-five per cent of holiday-makers who responded to our questionnaire said the description offered by the company matched the place they visited and the facilities provided This is good news for the industry and for holiday-makers A holiday is a major purchase - yet it's one we can't try before we pay All we have to go on is the brochure and it's a credit to tour operators that they now contain more detail OUR ADVICE DO be realistic No one should be palmed off with a poor standard of service, food or accommodation even if you paid a rock- bottom price for a last- minute break However, be reasonable - you won't get a room with the best view in town if you've paid a budget price DO complain to the right person Moaning to the waiter about a week's worth of appalling food, then writing an indignant letter when you get back home won't have the same impact as airing your grievances at the time DO get evidence for a serious problem such as having a building site instead of the promised swimming pool below your window Take a photo to back up your case DON'T write and complain for the sake of it Letters can be powerful as long as they're about something you have a good reason to complain about DON'T lose your temper Easier said than done, but you're more likely to get results if you state your case firmly, explain why you think there's a problem then suggest a reasonable solution The most common problem for holiday-makers is crowded airports Chọn câu trả lời: a NOT GIVEN b TRUE c FALSE Câu trả lời 21 Read the text and choose the best answer 74 People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly Fortunately, these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet Drinking three cups of coffee a day…… Chọn câu trả lời: a is good for the health b may be recommended by a doctor c is harmful to the health d will probably not cause problems Câu trả lời 22 Read the text and choose the most suitable heading Once you have collected your source material you should then sketch out a plan Begin by writing three or four sentences, which provide a summary of the essay You can amend or add to the plan as you proceed and it provides a useful scaffold for your essay It also ensures that you cover all the main themes and that your essay focuses on the question Ideally you should plan to examine the question from all sides, presenting various views before reaching a conclusion based on the evidence Chọn câu trả lời: a The importance of focusing on the task b Open-ended essays c Gathering source material d Writing a framework Câu trả lời 23 Read the text and choose the best answer Bees not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar Bees are also attracted to flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted to appeal to certain bee species: snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens—allowing access to the nectar and pollen Pollinators play a major role in agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the 75 world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia) Most grain crops are pollinated by insects Chọn câu trả lời: a FALSE Câu trả lời b TRUE c NOT GIVEN 24 Read the text and choose the best answer To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed below Extinction is a naturally occurring phenomenon Chọn câu trả lời: a NOT GIVEN Câu trả lời b TRUE c FALSE 25 Read the text and choose the best answer The intense private battles between woolgrowers and dingoes have usually served to define the Fence only in economic terms It marks the difference between profit and loss Yet the Fence casts a much broader ecological shadow for it has become a kind of terrestrial dam, deflecting the flow of animals inside and out The ecological side effects appear most vividly at Sturt National Park In 1845, explorer Charles Sturt led an expedition through these parts on a futile search for an inland sea For Sturt and other early explorers, it was a 76 rare event to see a kangaroo Now they are ubiquitous for without a native predator the kangaroo population has exploded inside the Fence Kangaroos are now cursed more than dingoes They have become the rivals of sheep, competing for water and grass In response state governments cull* more than three million kangaroos a year to keep Australia’s national symbol from overrunning the pastoral lands Park officials, who recognise that the fence is to blame, respond to the excess of kangaroos by saying ‘The fence is there, and we have to live with it.’ How the park officials feel about the fence? Chọn câu trả lời: a proud b pleased c angry d philosophical Câu trả lời 26 Read the text and choose the best answer Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks The word "they" in paragraph refers to…… Chọn câu trả lời: a females 77 b territories c male hummingbirds Câu trả lời d meadows 27 In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the process to the suitable paragraph A Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty Whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing B Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction C Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction D Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand Natural disasters Chọn câu trả lời: a Paragraph C b Paragraph B (Đúng) c Paragraph D d Paragraph A 28 Read the text and choose the best answer 78 Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks The word "clear" in paragraph is closest in meaning to… Chọn câu trả lời: a bright b transparent c exact (đúng) d unobstructed 29 Read the text and choose the best answer ‘People still tell me, “Children don’t read nowadays”,’ says David Almond, the awardwinning author of children’s books such as Skellig The truth is that they are skilled, creative readers When I classroom visits, they ask me very sophisticated questions about use of language, story structure, chapters and dialogue.’ No one is denying that books are competing with other forms of entertainment for children’s attention but it seems as though children find a special kind of mental nourishment within the printed page What is the main idea of this paragraph? Chọn câu trả lời: a Children will read many books by an author that they like 79 b the undervaluing of children’s society c Children are quick to decide whether they like or dislike a book d the fact that children are able to identify and discuss the important elements of fiction (đúng) 30 Read the text and choose the best answer The main growth area has been the market for eight to fourteen-year-olds, and there is little doubt that the boom has been fuelled by the bespectacled apprentice, Harry Potter So influential has J K Rowling’s series of books been that they have helped to make reading fashionable for pre-teens ‘Harry made it OK to be seen on a bus reading a book,’ says Cooling ‘To a child, that is important.’ The current buzz around the publication of the fourth Harry Potter beats anything in the world of adult literature What is the main idea of this paragraph? Chọn câu trả lời: a an inaccurate forecast regarding the reading habits of children b the impact of a particular fictional character on the sales of children’s books (đúng) c Children will read many books by an author that they like d Children are quick to decide whether they like or dislike a book 31 Read the text and choose the best answer While many of caffeine’s undesirable effects, such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, are brief, some short-term benefits, including pain relief, increased alertness, and increased physical endurance, have also been attributed to caffeine As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers, caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly By constricting blood vessels in the brain, it can alleviate headaches—even migraines—and can help counter the drowsiness caused by antihistamines Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert Research has shown that sleep- deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina—hence its addition to energy- boosting sports drinks Caffeine is used to treat…… Chọn câu trả lời: a headaches Câu trả lời b high blood pressure c liver cancer 80 d flu 32 Read the text and choose the best answer Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks According to the passage, which of the following is true of the male broad-tailed hummingbird? Chọn câu trả lời: a It is not involved in caring for the chicks Câu trả lời b It finds food for the female and the chicks c It protects the nest while the female searches for food d It shares nesting duties equally with the female 33 Read the text and choose the most suitable heading Use a variety of relevant background texts, refer to your lecture notes and heed any advice given by your lecturer When you collect material, always ask yourself what questions need to be answered and then take good notes in your own words Begin notes on each source on a new page and not forget to record details of the author, title of the book and date of publication Remember that copying words from another writer's work without acknowledging the source constitutes the serious crime of plagiarism Chọn câu trả lời: 81 a Types of essay and their purpose b The importance of focusing on the task c Gathering source material Câu trả lời d Open-ended essays 34 Read the text and choose the best answer Broad-tailed hummingbirds often nest in quaking aspens, slender deciduous trees with smooth, gray-green bark found in the Colorado Rockies of the western United States After flying some 2,000 kilometers north from where they have wintered in Mexico, the hummingbirds need six weeks to build a nest, incubate their eggs, and raise the chicks A second nest is feasible only if the first fails early in the season Quality, not quantity, is what counts in hummingbird reproduction A nest on the lowest intact branch of an aspen will give a hummingbird a good view, a clear flight path, and protection for her young Male hummingbirds claim feeding territories in open meadows where, from late May through June, they mate with females coming to feed but take no part in nesting Thus when the hen is away to feed, the nest is unguarded While the smooth bark of the aspen trunk generally offers a poor grip for the claws of a hungry squirrel or weasel, aerial attacks, from a hawk, owl, or gray jay, are more likely The choice of where to build the nest is based not only on the branch itself but also on what hangs over it A crooked deformity in the nest branch, a second, unusually close branch overhead, or proximity to part of a trunk bowed by a past ice storm are features that provide shelter and make for an attractive nest site Scarcely larger than a halved golf ball, the nest is painstakingly constructed of spiderwebs and plant down, decorated and camouflaged outside with paper-like bits of aspen bark held together with more strands of spider silk By early June it will hold two pea-sized eggs, which each weigh one-seventh of the mother's weight, and in sixteen to nineteen days, two chicks According to the passage, in what circumstances hummingbirds build a second nest? Chọn câu trả lời: a If the eggs are destroyed early in the season Câu trả lời b If the winter is unusually warm c If there is an unusually large supply of food d If the chicks in the first nest hatch early 35 Read the text and choose the best answer Bees not see red; thus, flowers that attract bees tend to be blue, yellow, purple, or other colors Many bee attractors also have nectar guides, which are spots near the center1 of each flower that reflect ultraviolet light, making it easier for the bees to find the nectar 82 Bees are also attracted to flowers with a mintlike or sweet smell Snapdragons not only attract bees visually, they are adapted to appeal to certain bee species: snapdragons have a landing platform that, if the bee is the correct weight, opens—allowing access to the nectar and pollen Pollinators play a major role in agriculture While many staple crops such as rice, corn, canola, and wheat are self-pollinating or pollinated by the wind, farmers are dependent on pollinator species for many fruit, vegetable, nut, and seed crops Over 30 percent of the world’s crops require the work of pollinator species Bees are the most common agricultural pollinators, with crops including fruit trees such as apples and cherries; vegetables such as squash, beans, tomatoes, and eggplant; flowering shrubs and annual and perennial flowers; forage crops such as clover and alfalfa; and fiber2 crops such as cotton Other pollinators include midges (cocoa), wasps (figs), moths (yucca, papaya), butterflies (asters, daisies, marigolds), and even a few species of bats (agave, palms, durians) and hummingbirds (fuchsia) Bees rarely respond to scent Chọn câu trả lời: a FALSE Câu trả lời b TRUE c NOT GIVEN 36 Read the text and choose the best answer The woolgrowers’ war against dingoes, which is similar to the sheep ranchers’ rage against coyotes in the US, started not long after the first European settlers disembarked in 1788, bringing with them a cargo of sheep Dingoes officially became outlaws in 1830 when governments placed a bounty on their heads Today bounties for problem dogs killing sheep inside the Fence can reach $500 As pioneers penetrated the interior with their flocks of sheep, fences replaced shepherds until, by the end of the 19th century, thousands of miles of barrier fencing crisscrossed the vast grazing lands ‘The dingo started out as a quiet observer,’ writes Roland Breckwoldt, in A Very Elegant Animal: The Dingo, ‘but soon came to represent everything that was dark and dangerous on the continent.’ It is estimated that since sheep arrived in Australia, dingo numbers have increased a hundredfold Though dingoes have been eradicated from parts of Australia, an educated guess puts the population at more than a million When did the authorities first acknowledge the dingo problem? Chọn câu trả lời: a 1960 b 1830 Câu trả lời c 1845 83 d 1788 37 Read the text and choose the best answer The Fence stays away from towns Where it passes near a town, it has actually become a tourist attraction visited on bus tours It marks the traditional dividing line between cattle and sheep Inside, where the dingoes are legally classified as vermin, they are shot, poisoned and trapped Sheep and dingoes not mix and the Fence sends that message mile after mile What is this creature that by itself threatens an entire industry, inflicting several millions of dollars of damage a year despite the presence of the world’s most obsessive fence? Cousin to the coyote and the jackal, descended from the Asian wolf, Canis lupus dingo is an introduced species of wild dog Skeletal remains indicate that the dingo was introduced to Australia more than 3,500 years ago probably with Asian seafarers who landed on the north coast The adaptable dingo spread rapidly and in a short time became the top predator, killing off all its marsupial competitors The dingo looks like a small wolf with a long nose, short pointed ears and a bushy tail Dingoes rarely bark; they yelp and howl Standing about 22 inches at the shoulder - slightly taller than a coyote - the dingo is Australia’s largest land carnivore The dingo is indigenous to Australia Chọn câu trả lời: a FALSE Câu trả lời b TRUE c NOT GIVEN 84 ... actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side... actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side... actually constitute Niagara Falls: the 173-foot-high Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side of the Niagara River in the Canadian province of Ontario and the 182-foot-high American Falls on the U.S side